Bibliothek

Notizen: This study contains three components: measurement, modeling, and inverse modeling to get the fiber elastic constants. The studied composite consisted of 70 vol % continuous uniaxial graphite fibers in a magnesium matrix. By ultrasonic-velocity methods, we measured the composite's complete orthotropic-symmetry (nine-independent-component) elastic-constant tensor: Cij in Voigt contracted notation. Approximately, the composite shows transverse-isotropic symmetry. For a model, we used a wave-scattering method in the long-wavelength limit. The model requires two inputs: the two isotropic matrix elastic constants and the five anisotropic fiber elastic constants. We measured the first and guessed the second based on graphite-fiber elastic constants reported by others. This guess gave good measurement-model agreement only for C11, C22, and C33. Especially, the shear moduli Cii (i=4,5,6) agreed poorly (a 20% difference). Using inverse modeling—calculating fiber properties from measured matrix properties and measured composite properties—we estimated the anisotropic fiber elastic constants. For the fiber we predict a Young-modulus anisotropy of 12 and a principal Poisson ratio range of 0.03–0.37.

Notizen: The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the development of splenic and bone marrow natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and on genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation was examined in mice. Natural cytotoxicity was measured by a 51Cr release assay; the ability to engraft foreign bone marrow was assayed by the spleen colony method. The natural cytolytic response of spleen cells increased progressively from youth to early adulthood, whereas that of the bone marrow declined during the same age period. Neonatal thymectomy significantly elevated the natural killer cell response of young mice only (4 weeks, spleen; 6 weeks, bone marrow). In other experiments, neonatally thymectomized and sham-operated mice were lethally irradiated at 4 or 6 weeks of age and injected with 2.5, 5.0 or 10 million rat marrow cells. Six days later spleen colonies were markedly reduced in both 4- and 6-week-old neonatally thymectomized mice with all rat marrow cell doses tested. Neonatal thymectomy did not alter the percentage of erythroid versus other colonies at either 4 or 6 weeks. In both thymectomized and sham-operated mice the number of colonies increased with increases in marrow cell dose. The data are suggestive of a production and dissemination to the spleen of cells involved in the natural cytotoxic response from the bone marrow.

Notizen: Rooted cuttings of Dendranthema grandiflorum cv. ‘Puja’ were treated with different doses of gamma rays. Sectorial somatic mutations both in flower colour and shape were detected in all the doses. The original floret colour of ‘Puja’ is red-purple and florets are flat spoon shaped. One of the mutant floret colour was yellow-orange with original flat florets and another mutant floret colour was yellow-orange with tubular florets. Original and mutated ray florets were cultured on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with sucrose and different combinations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Direct shoot organogenesis was seen within 2 weeks of culture initiation. The best regeneration was obtained on medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA. Shoots regenerated from all explant types were rooted in vitro and transferred to the field. Regenerated plants flowered true-to-explant floret colour and shape. The isolated yellow floret colour mutants and yellow floret colour mutants with tubular florets were maintained vegetatively and have proved to be true to type in two successive generations.

Notizen: Dispersion of elastic waves in a bonded plate has been analyzed using the exact solution as well as by two approximate models: a spring model that neglects the inertia effects and a density model that does not account for the finite stiffness of the bond layer. It is shown that the two model predictions agree with the exact solution in two overlapped regions of the density and stiffness ratios. However, they fail to predict the actual behavior in certain regions of the parameter domain.

Notizen: Chemical and non-chemical or cultural approaches for the control of Scirpus maritimus L. (bulrush) and of annual weeds in lowland rice were examined in the field. Herbicides such as bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] effectively controlled S. maritimus but not the annual grasses [Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. and Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula [(Retz.) Honda] when applied at the six- to eight-leaf stage 20–28 days after transplanting or seeding rice). S. maritimus was not adequately controlled when the herbicides were applied pre- or early post-emergence. A granular formulation of bensulfuron-methyl [(methy1–2-[[(4,6-dimethoxypirimidin-2-yl)aminosulfonylmethyl]benzoate)] applied 6 or 8 days after transplanting or seeding (two- to four-leaf stage of the weed) effectively controlled S. maritimus and the annuals E. glabrescens, E. crus-galli ssp. hispidula, and Monochoria vaginalis, Presl. (Burm. f.) S. maritimus stand was drastically reduced by shifting land preparation back and forth from wet to dry. Neither tillage intensity nor use of intermediate-statured modern rice cultivars affected the weed stand. La lutte chimique et culturelle contre le scirpe (Scirpus maritimus L.) et les mauvaises herbes annuelles en culture de riz (Oryza sativa L.)Des possibilitiés chimiques et culturelles dans la lutte contre Scirpus maritimus L. (le scirpe) et les mauvaises herbes annuelles en culture de riz ont fait l'objet d'une étude sur le terrain. Appliqués au stade 6- à 8-feuilles des graminées annuelles, Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. et Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula [(Retz) Honda] (20 à 28 jours après le repiquage ou le semis du riz), les herbicides, tel le bentazone [isopropyl-3 1H 3H-benzothiadazine-2,1,3 one-4 dioxyde-2,2] et le 2,4-D [acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique] ont permis une lutte efficace contre S. maritimus mais pas contre les graminées. La maîtrise de S. maritimusétait insuffisante quand les traitements herbicides ont été appliqués en prélevée ou en postlevée précoce. Une forme granulée de bensulfuron-methyl, appliquée 6 ou 8 jours après le repiquage ou le semis (stade deux- à quatre-feuilles de l'adventice) a permis une lutte efficace contre S. maritimus ainsi que les adventices annuelles E. glabrescens, E. crus-galli ssp. hispidula et Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. Une réduction dramatique dans le peuplement de S. maritimus a suivi l'emploi alterné de techniques humides el sèches dans la préparation du sol. Ni l'intensité du labourage ni l'emploi de variétés de riz modernes de hauteur moyenne n'ont eu d'influence sur l'enherbement. Bekämpfung der Strand-Simse (Scirpus maritimus L.) und einjähriger Unkräuter in Nass-Reis (Oryza saliva L.) mit chemischen und KulturmethodenMit Herbiziden wie Bentazon und 2,4-D konnte Scirpus maritimus, nicht aber die einjährigen Gräser Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook, und Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda bekämpft werden, wenn sie im 6- bis 8-Blatl-Stadium (20 bis 28 Tage nach dem Pflanzen oder der Saat des Reises) behandelt wurde. Die Bekämpfung war aber unzureichend, wenn die Herbizide vor oder kurz nach der Keimung ausgebracht wurden. Mit bensulfuron-methyl Granutat 6 oder 8 Tage nach dem Pflanzen oder der Saat (2- bis 4-Blatt-Stadium der Unkräuter) konnten Scirpus maritimus und Echinochloa glabrescens sowie E. crus-galli ssp. hispidula und Monochoria raginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. Bekämpft werden. Die Verschiebung der Bodenbearbeitung von nass nach troeken verringerte die Verunkrautung mit Scirpus maritimus erheblieh. Der Unkrautbestand wurde weder durch verschiedene Intensität der Bodenbearbeitung noch durch die neuen mittellangen Reissorten herabgesetzt.

Notizen: Four field experiments were conducted at The International Rice Research Institute during the 1975 and 1976 crop seasons to develop minimum and zero tillage techniques for transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). High rates of glyphosate followed by a lower rate of paraquat effectively controlled Paspalum distichum L., but not Fimbristylis littoralis L. The tenminimum tillage treatments based on different combinations and sequences of pre-plant herbicide application, tillage and flooding, gave a similar grain yield to conventional tillage, and significantly higher grain yield than zero tillage treatments. Conventional, minimum and zero tillage were compared over four successive crops. After two crops with zero tillage, the plots were dominated by the perennials, P. distichum and Scirpus maritimus L., but with minimum or conventional tillage, weed control and grain yield were satisfactory. Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer usage by the crop was the same with minimum as with conventional tillage but higher than with zero tillage and was increased by placement at 10 cm depth. The studies indicate that minimum tillage systems are a dependable alternative to conventional tillage for lowland rice production.

Notizen: The response of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Kinandang Patong and UPLRi-7, and the C4 weeds Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton to low light intensity of 150, 250, and 400 μmol m−2 s-1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at different development stages was studied in a combined growth chamber and glasshouse experiment. The weed species had higher net CO2 exchange rates (CER) than rice at all light intensities and growth phases. The response of CER to light intensity was greatest at the early vegetative stage and became less pronounced at later stages in all species. Low light intensity reduced CER and growth rates at an early vegetative phase, particularly in rice, while Rottboellia maintained the highest CER. Differences in low-light-induced growth reduction between the species became less marked with plant age. Although prolonged exposure to low light intensity increased CER for all species, it was least for Eleusine, indicating acclimation of the photosynthetic system. All three weed species had a lower leaf conductance, low transpiration rate, and higher water use efficiency than rice. Both rice and weeds recovered from low-light treatment, particularly if the latter was imposed early. Continuous exposure to 150 (μmol m−2 s−1 PAR strongly inhibited growth of Eleusine and Echinochloa, had an intermediate effect on rice, and affected Rottboellia least. It is concluded that Rottboellia has superior growth and assimilation compared to rice under both low and high intensity light, whereas Echinochloa and, to an even greater extent, Eleusine, are more susceptible to shading. Possible physiological causes of these differences are discussed. Réponse physiologique du riz et des adventices à une faible intensité lumineuse à différents stades de croissance La réponse du riz hautes terres (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Kinandang Patong et UPLRi-7, et des adventices C4 (Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Elsine indica (L.) Gaertn, et Rottboelliacochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton, a de faibles intensité lumineuses de radiation photo-synthétiquement active (PAR) de 150, 250 et 400 (μmol m−2 s−1à différents stades de croissance a étéétudié dans une expérimentation combinée en chambre climatique et en serre. Les espéces adventices avaient des taux nets d'échange en CO2 (CER) plus élevés que le riz a toutes les intensités lumineuses et phases de croissance. La réponse du CER à 1'intensité lumineuse était la plus élevée aux stades végé-tatifs précoces et devenait moins é1evée aux stades plus tardifs pour toutes les espéces. La faible intensité lumineuse a réduit le CER et les taux de croissance à un stade végétatif précoce, particuliérement chez le riz, tandis que Rottboellia maintenait le CER élevé. Les diffe'rences dans la réduction de croissance induite par faible lumiére entre les espéces devenaient moins marquées avec 1'âge des plantes. Bien qu'une exposition à une faible intensité lumineuse ait augmenté le CER pour toutes les espèces, cela était moindre pour Eleusine, démontrant une acclimatation du systéme photosynthétique. Les 3 espèces d'adventices avaient une conductance foliaire plus faible, un taux de transpiration plus faible et une efficacité de l'utilisation d'eau plus élevé que le riz. Le riz et les adventices se remettaient du traitement de faible lumière surtout s'il était imposé tôt. Une exposition continue à 150 μmol m−2 s−1 a fortement inhibé la croissance d'Eleusine et d'Echinochloa, a moyennement affecté le riz de façon et de moinde façon, le Rottboeillia. II est conclu que Rottboellia a une croissance et une assimilation supérieures au riz à la fois sous faible et sous forte in tensité lumineuse, tandis qu'Echinochloa et même encore plus Eleusine sont plus sensibles à l'ombrage. Les causes physiologiques possibles de ces différences sont discutées. Die physiologische Reaktion von Reis und Unkräutem in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien auf geringe Lichtintensität Die Reaktion von Bergreissorten (Oryza sativa L. ‘Kinandang Patong’ und ‘UPLRi-7’) und der C4-Unkräuter Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. und Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton in verscbiedenen Entwicklungsstadien auf geringe Lichtintensität von 150, 250 und 400 μmol m−2 s−1 wurde in Pflanzenwuchskammer- und Gewächshausversuchen untersucht. Die Unkrautarten hatten bei alien Lichtintensitäten und in alien Entwicklungsstadien höhere Netto-CO2-Austauschraten (CER) als der Reis. Die CER-Reaktion auf die Lichtintensität war in den frühen Entwicklungsstadien am größten und danach bei allen Arten immer weniger deutlich. Niedrige Lichtintensität verringerte die CER und die Wachstumsraten in frühen Entwicklungsphasen, besonders bei Reis, während Rottboellia die höchste CER beibehielt. Unterschiede in der durch geringes Licht hervorgerufenen Wachstumsreduktion unter den Arten wurden mit zunehmendem Alter weniger deutlich. Obwohl durch eine längere Exposition bei geringer Lichtintensität die CER bei alien Arten zunahm, war dies bei Eleusine am geringsten, worin sich die Akklimation des Photosynthesesystems zeigte. Alle 3 Unkrautarten hatten ein geringeres Blattleitungsvermögen, geringere Transpirationsraten und eine höhere Assimilationsleistung als Reis. Sowohl Reis als auch die Unkräuter erholten sich von der Dunkellichtzeit, besonders wenn sie ihm früh ausgesetzt worden waren. Ständige Exposition auf eine Lichtintensität von 150 μmo m−2 s−1 unterdrückte das Wachstum von Eleusine und Echinochloa erheblich, den Reis weniger und Rottboellia am wenigsten. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daßRottboellia sowohl bei niedriger als auch hoher Lichtintensität im Vergleich zum Reis über stärkeren Wucbs und bessere Assimilation verfügt, während Echinochloa und, mehr noch, Eleusine gegen Beschattung empfindlicher sind. Die möglichen physiologischen Gründe für dieseUnterschiede wurden diskutiert.