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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal x-ray source development in the spectral range 4–14 A(ring) using a Nd:YAG high power laser (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5598-5603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was performed to find the optimal conditions for generating a few nanoseconds x-ray pulse source in the wavelength range 4–14 A(ring). X rays were emitted in a high-temperature plasma, which was created as the result of the interaction of a high power laser with a solid target. The experiments were done using 3–15 J, 1–10 ns, 1.06 μm pulses generated with a Nd:YAG laser. The x-ray yield and spectral distributions were studied as a function of the laser energy, temporal pulse width, pulse shape, and target material. For example, for samarium under optimal conditions, about 20% of the laser energy was converted into x rays in the wavelength range 8–12 A(ring). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363571
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of laser driven spallation in tin and zinc using an optical recording velocity interferometer system (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4242-4248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the dynamic strength, in tin and zinc, shocked by a high power pulsed laser to tens of kilobars pressures are reported. The strain rates in these experiments are of the order of 107 s−1, higher by two-to-three orders of magnitude than those reached with conventional shock generators like plane impacts or explosives. The free surface velocity time history, which is related to the spallation process, was measured with an optical recording velocity interferometer system. This diagnostic technique is noninterfering and provides a highly accurate continuous measurement in time. The spall strength estimated from the free surface velocity profile was compared with the theoretical upper limit for the spall strength, calculated from a wide range equation of state for metals. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shock wave decay and spall strength in laser-matter interaction (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 356-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new experimental method was developed in order to estimate the decay of the laser-generated shock waves and the dynamic spall pressure. Experiments were performed on aluminum, copper, and unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy composites with impact strain rates of the order of 107 s−1. The following values for dynamic spall pressure and pressure gradient were obtained (to an accuracy of a factor of two): aluminum [25 kb (kb=kilobars), 60 kb/mm]; copper (20 kb, 180 kb/mm); carbon fiber epoxy composite (0.3 kb, 15 kb/mm) perpendicular to the fiber direction; and (7 kb, 100 kb/mm) when the impact is parallel to the fiber direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347142
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spallation of metals under laser irradiation (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 4524-4531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser-driven shock-wave loading enables the study of ultrahigh strain rates (107 s−1). A damage model for the spallation process has been included in a two-dimensional finite-difference hydrodynamic elastoplastic code using Lagrangian coordinates in order to calculate the laser-induced spall phenomena. The damage was investigated using shock waves induced by a short-pulsed laser in copper and aluminum foils. Laser irradiation intensities were in the range of 1010–1012 W/cm2. The foil thickness was in the 100–600-μm range. The ablation pressure attained on the front surface of targets was a few hundred kilobars. The travelling time of the shock wave through the target was of the order of a few tens of nanoseconds. The spall width was calculated for both Al and Cu materials with different thicknesses of foils and various laser-induced shock-wave intensities. The numerical simulations were compared with previously reported experiments. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and simulation results for the spall pressure and the spall widths. The strain rates of materials under laser-induced shock loading were obtained from the computer code.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349087
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spallation model for the high strain rates range (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4851-4858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the dynamic spall strength in aluminum and copper shocked by a high power laser to pressures of hundreds of kbars show a rapid increase in the spall strength with the strain rate at values of about 107 s−1. We suggest that this behavior is a result of a change in the spall mechanism. At low strain rates the spall is caused by the motion and coalescence of material's initial flaws. At high strain rates there is not enough time for the flaws to move and the spall is produced by the formation and coalescence of additional cavities where the interatomic forces become dominant. Material under tensile stress is in a metastable condition and cavities of a critical radius are formed in it due to thermal fluctuations. These cavities grow due to the tension. The total volume of the voids grow until the material disintegrates at the spall plane. Simplified calculations based on this model, describing the metal as a viscous liquid, give results in fairly good agreement with the experimental data and predict the increase in spall strength at high strain rates. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368727
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for studying debris from laser-induced spall in metals (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 5590-5597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new method of measuring the free-surface velocity via soft x-ray shadowgraphy is presented. Using that method, the shock-wave pressure was deduced. In addition, a new method of measuring the Mie scattering of the debris from laser-induced spall in aluminum is also presented. The data have yielded the distribution of the debris radii in the range of 1–7 μm. Furthermore, it was shown that the smaller particles are the faster ones. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146025
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytical model for creation and decay of strong shock waves caused by a trapezoidal laser pulse (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 1196-1201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analytic hydrodynamic model for the formation and decay of strong shock waves (0.1–10 TPa) is derived in this paper by using self-consistent and well-defined assumptions. A trapezoidal pressure profile as a function of time applied to the target surface is used as the initial condition. This model permits the calculation of the pressure, velocity, and acceleration of the shock front, as well as the calculation of the pressure gradient immediately behind the shock front, as functions of time and position. This model is applied to laser-generated shock waves with maximum intensities of 5×1013 and 5×1014 W/cm2. Good agreement with previous computer simulations of solid–laser interaction is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864995
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rarefaction shock in the near wake (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 3308-3311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laboratory experiments and fluid theory find a stationary rarefaction shock in the near wake of an electrically grounded obstacle placed in a steady state, supersonic plasma flow. The shock is only found when two electron temperatures, differing by at least an order of magnitude, are present. These shocks are analogous to rarefaction shocks in plasma free expansions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866462
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Point explosion simulation by fast spark discharges (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 2501-2506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown here that the late hydrodynamic effects of fast spark discharges (dI/dt||t=0≥1010 A/sec), i.e., after the discharge period, can be described by a point explosion simulation. The solution is not self-similar since counterpressure has to be taken into consideration. This non-self-similar model is confirmed experimentally by shock wave position and velocity measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335435
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An increase of the spall strength in aluminum, copper, and Metglas at strain rates larger than 107 s−1 (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 4004-4011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the dynamic spall strength in aluminum, copper, and Metglas shocked by a high-power laser to hundreds of kilobars pressure are reported. The strain rates in these experiments are of the order of 107 s−1, which cannot be reached in impact experiments. The free-surface velocity behavior associated with spallation is characterized by oscillations caused by the reverberations of the spall layer. An optically recording velocity interferometer system was developed to measure the free-surface velocity time history. This diagnostic method has the advantages of being a noninterfering system and produces a highly accurate continuous measurement in time. The spall strength was calculated from the free-surface velocity as a function of the strain rate. The results show a rapid increase in the spall strength, suggesting that a critical phenomenon occurs at strain rates ∼107 s−1, expressed by the sudden approach to the theoretical value of the spall strength. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367222
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