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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (1970), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 (1972), S. 6501-6507 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 83 (1961), S. 2962-2963 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (1960), S. 5255-5256 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cytosine arabinoside ; Heterotopia ; Microcephaly ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) on days 13.5 and 14.5 of pregnancy. The brains of their offspring were studied histologically and histochemically. In addition to dysgenic microcephaly, nodular structures consisting of cells with a relatively homogeneous morphology were observed in the depths of the cerebral cortex. The cell clusters were first seen around postnatal day 4, and had a cellular continuity with the disarrayed pyramidal cell layer in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Golgi-Cox staining showed a number of pyramidal-shaped cells in the clusters. Morphologically, they resembled the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Immunohistochemical examination, using anti-serotonin or anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, also indicated similarities between the cell clusters and the pyramidal cell layer. It is, therefore, proposed that the cell clusters consisted of heterotopic pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. A few synaptic structures could already be detected in the heterotopic cell clusters on postnatal day 3 by electron microscopy. This early establishment of synaptic contact with related neurons may have caused the heterotopic localization of the pyramidal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cytosine arabinoside ; Cerebellum ; External granular layer ; Purkinje cell ; Heterotopic granule cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to elucidate the relationship between the time of destruction of the external granular layer and subsequent cerebellar abnormalities. Mice were injected s. c. with 30 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of cytosine arabinoside on days 2, 3, and 4, on days, 4, 5, and 6, on days 7, 8, and 9, and on days 10, 11, and 12, and designated as group I, II, III, and IV, respectively. In group I, disarrangement of Purkinje cells and heterotopic granule cells in the molecular layer were observed on all lobes of cerebellum. Heterotopic granule cells were seen on all lobes in group II, whereas disarrangement of Purkinje cells was observed only in the region from the anterior to middle lobes. In group III, heterotopic granule cells were limited to the area from anterior to middle lobes, but there was no disarrangement of Purkinje cells. Group IV cerebellum did not show abnormal cytoarchitecture. Golgi-Cox studies showed abnormal arborization of Purkinje cells in each experimental group. They were arbitrarily classified into inverted Purkinje cells, lying Purkinje cells, T-shaped Purkinje cells, and poorly arborized Purkinje cells. The earlier the postnatal treatment the more severe were the abnormalities of Purkinje cell dendrite. According to the electron-microscopic study, some glomerular synaptic complexes, which are normally confined to the internal granular layer, were observed even in the molecular layer in groups I, II, and III. Some of the Purkinje cell dentritic spines did not make synapses with parallel fibers in any of the experimental groups. The results indicate that severity of abnormal arborization of Purkinje cells is dependent on the period of destruction of the external granular layer. Formation of heterotopic granule cells was dependent on the destruction of the external granular layer up to day 10 after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Synapse ; Dentritic spine ; Purkinje cell ; Neuronal compensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to elucidate morphological changes in the synaptic area of the Purkinje cell dendritic spines when granule cells were decreased in number. The mice were injected s. c. with 30 mg/kg b. w. of cytosine arabinoside on days 2, 3, and 4, and on days 7, 8 and 9, and were designated as group I and group II, respectively. The mice injected with saline on days 2, 3, and 4 served as control. The cerebella of the mice in each group were examined by electron microscopy on days 30, 60, and 90. Using photographs thus obtained, the synaptic length and area of Purkinje cell dendritic spines which participated in synapses with axons of granule cells were measured by computer. In the controls, these spines did not increase significantly either in synaptic length or in spine area in the duration from 30 to 90 days after birth. In the 90-day-old mice belonging to group I and group II, however, they increased by about 20% in the synaptic length and by about 35% in the spine area as compared to those in age-matched control. The elongation and enlargement show that the synaptic surface on the spine spreads to compensate for synapses lost by reduction in number of granule cells in experimental groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 724-728 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: NaCl intake ; Glucose tolerance ; Na+ dependent glucose absorption ; Intracellular Na+ concentration ; Plasma Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of low and high NaCl diets on plasma glucose and insulin responses to glucose ingestion were investigated in 15 patients with essential hypertension. Oral glucose (75 g) tolerance tests were carried out while patients were taking diets with low (2 g/day) and high (20 g/day) NaCl content. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were both significantly lower during ingestion of the high NaCl diet (p〈0.05). After glucose ingestion, the incremental areas under the two hour plasma glucose and insulin curves were significantly smaller during ingestion of the high NaCl diet (glucosep〈0.005 and insulinp〈0.025). These findings that low NaCl diets increase the glycemic response to glucose loads suggest that use of NaCl restriction for the treatment of essential hypertension may not always be desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1980), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mesencephalic reticulospinal neurons ; Conduction velocities ; Vestibular system, semicir cularcanal inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons that project to the spinal cord were located in the mesencephalic reticular formation outside the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in cerebellectomized cats under chloralose anesthesia. Of these neurons 40% responded only at C1 (reticulospinal N cells) and the remaining 60% responded at C4 also (reticulospinal D cells). Conduction velocities of N cells were significantly slower than those of D cells. N cells and D cells responded similarly to stimulation of the whole vestibular nerves and vestibular nuclei. However, they differ in semicircular canal inputs; N cells were more responsive to canal stimulation. Comparison of properties between mesencephalic reticulospinal and interstitiospinal neurons (Fukushima et al. 1980) showed that many reticulospinal and interstitiospinal neurons have similar properties, suggesting that functionally similar neurons may be found distributed over more than one anatomically defined cell group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Interstitiospinal neurons ; Pericruciate cortex ; Frontal eye fields ; Superior colliculus ; Neck muscle afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interstitiospinal neurons were activated by antidromic stimulation of the spinal cord ventromedial funiculus at C1 and C4 in cerebellectomized cats under chlor alose anesthesia. Neurons responding only to C1 were classified as N cells and those responding both to C1 and C4 were classified as D cells, as in previous experiments (Fukushima et al. 1980a). Vestibular branching interstitiospinal and reticulospinal neurons were also identified as in the previous experiments. Stimulation of the ipsilateral pericruciate cortex evoked firing in 31% of N cells, 41% of D cells and 35% of vestibular branching neurons, while stimulation of the contralateral cortex excited 6% of N cells, 29% of D cells and 14% of vestibular branching neurons. Response latencies ranged from 2 to 15 ms after the effective pulse. By measuring the thresholds of activation of these neurons while changing the depth of the stimulating electrodes, and by mapping the cortical areas, it was shown that the lowest threshold areas were in the frontal eye fields and the anterior sigmoid gyrus near the presylvian sulcus (Area 6). Stimulation of the latter area often evoked neck or shoulder muscle contraction. Stimulation in the deep layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus evoked firing in about 20% of interstitiospinal neurons and about 42% of vestibular branching neurons, with typical latencies 2–3 ms after the effective pulse, while stimulation of the contralateral superior colliculus was rarely effective. N cells and D cells responded similarly. Thresholds for activation were high in the intermediate tectal layers and declined as the electrodes entered the underlying tegmentum. This suggests that the superior colliculus is not the main source of synaptic inputs to these neurons. Low threshold points were found above the deep fiber layer when stimulating electrodes were inserted into the pretectum. Stimulation of the C2 biventer cervicis nerve excited about 8% of N cells, 18% of D cells, and 15% of vestibular branching neurons bilaterally with typical latencies around 10 ms. Similar results were obtained when C2 splenius nerves were stimulated. The fibers responsible for such excitation are probably group II, since stimuli stronger than 1.8 times threshold of the lowest threshold fibers were needed to evoke excitation. Response decrement was often observed when stimuli were repeated at 1/s, while no such decrement was observed at the rate of 1/3 s. When the convergence of cortical and labyrinthine excitatory inputs was studied, 36% of interstitiospinal neurons received single inputs either from the pericruciate cortex or from the labyrinth, 22% of neurons received convergent excitation from both and the remaining 42% did not respond to either stimulus. Although vestibular branching neurons rarely received labyrinthine inputs, they frequently showed convergence of excitation to stimulation of the frontal cortex, superior colliculus and vestibular nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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