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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (26)
  • PACS: 61.80.Jh; 73.61.Cw; 79.70.+q  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.80.Jh; 73.61.Cw; 79.70.+q
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Electrically conducting channels in an insulating carbon matrix were produced by 140-MeV Xe ion irradiation. The high local energy deposition of the individual ions along their pathes causes a rearrangement of the carbon atoms and leads to a transformation of the insulating, diamond-like (sp3-bonding) form of carbon into the conducting, graphitic (sp2-bonding) configuration. The conducting ion tracks are clearly seen in the current mapping performed with an atomic force microscope (AFM). These conducting tracks are of possible use in field emission applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x-ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65-70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallinity of rayons measured with a standardized x-ray method increases from 40 to 50% after previous treatment with 18% sodium hydroxide followed by removal of the alkali with boiling water. If the washing-out of the alkali is carried out at room temperature, or if 4% sodium hydroxide is employed, the increase in crystallinity is smaller. Neither exclusion of oxygen during mercerization nor addition of hydrogen peroxide to the soaking lye has an influence on the final crystallinity. Native celluloses (ramie and wood pulp), after soaking in 18% sodium hydroxide and washing at the boil, yield the same figure of 50% crystallinity. A crystallinity figure of 50% is also obtained upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of rayon fibers at 100°C. and in cellulose precipitated from dilute viscose solution at 100°.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recently developed x-ray method of crystallinity determination is applied to products of heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers. Upon treatment of viscose rayon fibers with boiling 2.5 N sulfuric acid, the crystalline fraction is increased from 39 to 49% within half an hour, and remains constant upon prolonged treatment. Ramie does not show any change in percentage crystallinity when subjected to the same treatment. Its crystalline fraction is, however, transformed into cellulose IV. The observed changes in moisture regain of the hydrolyzed products are in line with the x-ray results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small angle scattering of ramie and of 25 highly oriented rayon samples of widely different prehistory has been examined in both the air-dry and the water-swollen condition with monochromatic radiation in a vacuum camera. All intensity curves are given. For some rayons the curves show distinct maxima or inflection points in either the swollen or the dry condition which seem to be indicative of the existence of a maximum of relatively low intensity superimposed on a normally descending small angle intensity curve. The Bragg spacing corresponding to these maxima lies close to 80 A. for the swollen and to 50 A. for the dry fibers. Other specimens either do not show these superimposed maxima or show only faint indications of their occurrence. The existence of maxima (particularly pronounced in Fortisan, Fiber G, Super Cordura, and Celanese K 36) seems to demonstrate that in some rayons a part of the fiber substance has a micellar structure of unexpectedly high regularity and with average interparticle distances given by the Bragg spacings indicated. The intensity curves of those swollen specimens which did not exhibit a maximum, when evaluated by the Guinier method for dilute systems, assuming parallel cylinders as the basic structure, yield figures between 35-55 A. for the diameter of the cylinders. Evaluation of the intensity curves according to an approximation suggested by Kratky (based on the picture of closely packed lamellae) points to the existence of a preferred spacing of the same order of magnitude (∼40 A.) for the dry and of ∼60 A. for the swollen fibers. No clear correlation between small angle scattering features and other known properties of the rayons has been detected.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 50 (1961), S. S10 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Monochromatic X-ray diffraction patterns of rayons in the air dry and water swollen state are compared quantitatively. Taking into account the differaction pattern of water, the evaluation shows that the contribution of the cellulose component is only slightly different in the two cases, even if freshly spun never dried fibers are included. In particular, and in conformity with previous findings of Kratky and Sekora, there is no indication of a difference in the quantity of crystalline cellulose in the swollen and in the dry fibers.
    Notes: Ein quantitativer Vergleich der äquatorialen Streukurven von Röntgenaufnahmen gequollener und lufttrockener Reyonfasern, unter Berücksichtigung der Wasserstreuung, ergibt, daß die Streuung des Celluloseanteiles in beiden Fällen sehr wenig verschieden ist, auch wenn die Fäden in spinnfrischem Zustand untersucht werden. Insbesondere gibt es, in Übereinstimmung mit früheren auf anderem Wege erhaltenen Ergebnissen von Kratky und Sekora, keine Andeutung dafür, daß ein mengenmäßiger Unterschied in dem kristallinen Anteil gequollener und trockener Fasern vorliegt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 39 (1960), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird im allgemeinen als selbstverständlich angesehen, daß die bei kristallinen Polymeren beobachtete Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung die Folge von Dichteschwankungen sei, welche mit dem Wechsel von kristallinen und amorphen Bereichen in kolloiden Dimensionen zusammenhängen. Falls dem so ist - und nur dann - dürfen die Diffraktionsdiagramme zu Aussagen über Form und Größe dieser Bereiche benutzt werden.Da früher durch absolute Messungen der Intensität der Kleinwinkelstreuung gezeigt worden ist, daß bei vielen natürlichen und künstlichen Cellulosefasern der überwiegende Teil der Intensität durch kleinste Hohlräume anstatt durch die kristallin-amorphe Struktur gestreut wird, die Streubilder also vorwiegend von der Größe und Form dieser Hohlräume bestimmt werden, war es von Interesse, auch andere Polymere in gleicher Art zu untersuchen.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über absolute Messungen der Kleinwinkelstreuung an Polyäthylen, Polyäthylenterephthalat, Nylon 6 und Polyformaldehyd berichtet. Die beobachteten Intensitäten stehen größenordnungsmäßig in guter Übereinstimmung mit den auf Grund der kristallin-amorphen Struktur berechneten Werten. Es wurden keine Anhalte für einen Streuungsbeitrag durch kleinste Hohlräume erhalten.
    Notes: It is generally taken for granted that the low angle X-ray scattering exhibited by crystalline polymers is associated with the density fluctuations due to the succession of crystalline and amorphous regions in colloidal dimensions. If this is true - and only then - the diffraction pattern may be interpretated in terms of shape and size of these regions.Since it has previously been shown through absolute measurements of the intensity scattered at small angles that in most native and artificial cellulose fibers the major part of the intensity is diffracted by microvoids rather than by the crystalline amorphous structure and thus, that their diffraction pattern reflects the size and shape of the voids rather than that of the crystallites, it was of interest to examine other polymers using the same methods.The present paper presents absolute measurements of low angle diffraction in polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, Nylon 6 and polyformaldehyde. The observed intensities of scattering were found to conform with the order of magnitude calculated for the crystalline-amorphous structure. No indication of a contribution of micro-voids to the scattering was observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein einfaches Verfahren für die Bestimmung des kristallinen Anteiles in Präparaten aus isotaktischem Polypropylen wird beschrieben. Es ergibt niedrigere Zahlen als die von NATTA, CORRADINI und CESARI im Jahre 1957 empfohlene Methode.Die Richtigkeit der Ergebnisse (innerhalb der Beschränkungen, die dem üblichen Begriff der Kristallinität in Makropolymeren überhaupt innewohnen) wird gestützt durch die Übereinstimmung mit denen, die nach dem vor kurzem von W. RULAND veröffentlichten theoretisch sehr raffinierten, aber umständlichen Verfahren erhalten werden.
    Notes: A simple procedure for the determination of the crystalline fraction in isotactic polypropylene, suitable for routine work, is described. It gives lower figures for the crystalline fraction than the method recommended by NATTA, CORRADINI, and CESARI in 1957.The correctness of the results (within the limitations inherent to the concept of crystallinity in polymers) is supported by the consistency of the results with those obtained by the recently published very remarkable quite elaborate and sophisticated procedure of W. RULAND.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 64 (1963), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A way to shown to determine the crystallinity of polycarbonates by X-ray analysis. Under standardized conditions, only the scattered intensity at a diffraction angle of 2 Θ = 12.2° is necessary for the evaluation.
    Notes: Es wird ein Verfahren angegeben, um auf röntgenographischem Weg die Kristallinität von Polycarbonaten zu ermitteln. Unter normierten Bedingungen wird nur die gestreute Intensität bei einem Abbeugungswinkel von 2 Θ = 12,2° zur Auswertung benötigt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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