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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Pancreatic islets ; nitric oxide synthase ; haem oxygenase ; imunocytochemistry ; confocal microscopy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. To map the cellular location of inducible and constitutive nitric oxide synthase and haem oxygenase in rat islets to clarify the morphological background to putative nitric oxide and carbon monoxide pathways. Methods. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Results. After treatment with endotoxin, immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase was expressed in a large number of islet cells, most of which were insulin-immunoreactive beta cells and in single glucagon-immunoreactive and pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells lacked immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase. In untreated rats, immunoreactivity for constitutive nitric oxide synthase occurred in the majority of insulin-immunoreactive and glucagon-immunoreactive cells, in most pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and in islet nerves. Similarly, immunoreactivity for constitutive haem oxygenase was detected in all four types of islet cells. Endotoxin treatment did not change the pattern of immunoreactivity for constitutive and inducible haem oxygenase. After treatment with alloxan, insulin-immunoreactivity was observed only in single islet cells, being almost devoid of immunoreactivity for constitutive nitric oxide synthase and haem oxygenase. Conclusion/interpretation. In vivo endotoxin-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in insulin-producing and in scattered glucagon-producing and pancreatic polypeptide-producing cells strengthens previous suggestions of a pathophysiological role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The presence of constitutive nitric oxide synthase and haem oxygenase in all four types of islet cells, together with recent functional data of ours support roles for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as intracellular, paracrine or neurocrine modulators of islet hormone secretion. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 978–986]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) is a frequently used phosphatase inhibitor that by inhibiting dephosphorylation increases the net phosphorylation level in various systems. In the present study OA was used to assess the role of balanced phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions for successful regeneration of peripheral nerves. To achieve this, the effects of OA on phosphorylation levels, neurite outgrowth, injury-induced support cell proliferation, and neurofilament stability, respectively, were investigated in the in vitro regenerating, adult frog sciatic sensory nerve. OA at a moderate concentration (20 nM) increased phosphorylation levels and almost completely inhibited the in vitro regeneration in a reversible way. The effect on regeneration was not due to induced neurofilament instability and was only seen when the drug was applied in the outgrowth region. The latter and the absence of effects on support cell proliferation indicate that OA acts locally at the level of newly formed axons. However, the inhibition of regeneration was not a consequence of reduced delivery of proteins by axonal transport, because this process in fact was increased by OA. Altogether, the study suggests that properly balanced phosphorylating-dephosphorylating reactions are critical for regeneration of peripheral nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ninety-eight patients (26 females), who presented with erosive and/or ulcerative oesophagitis, despite at least a 3-month period of treatment with standard doses of cimetidine (≥ 1200 mg daily) or ranitidine (≥ 300 mg daily), were included in a double-blind, randomized trial to compare omeprazole (40 mg o.m.) with a high dose of ranitidine (300 mg b.d.). The treatment was given for 4–12 weeks; endoscopy assessment and laboratory screening were performed on entry to the trial and thereafter every fourth week. Endoscopic healing was defined as complete epithelialization of all macroscopic erosions or ulcers in the squamous epithelium. An ‘intention-to-treat’analysis of the clinical datarevealed omeprazole to be superior to ranitidine : 63 % of those patients who were given omeprazole were heaIed endoscopically after a 4-week period of treatment, compared with only 17 % of those given ranitidine. This difference in healing rate persisted during the 12-week study period (90% DS 47% after 12 weeks; P 〈 0.0001). Reflux symptoms were more rapidly and completely relieved with omeprazole : heartburn resolved completely in 86% of patients treated with omeprazole for 4 weeks compared with 32% in the ranitidine group (P 〈 0.0001). The mean basal gastrin concentrations increased only in those given omeprazole from 18.9 pmol/L at pre-entry to a mean value of 31.7 pmol/L on the last day of omeprazole administration. In ranitidine-treated patients no significant increase in basal gastrin concentration was observed. Both drugs were well tolerated with few adverse events, which were mainly mild and transient. These results demonstrate the superiority of omeprazole over a high dose of ranitidine in the treatment of resistant reflux oesophagitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 5 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of cisapride on duration of post-operative ileus after surgery was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal (n= 47) or colonic (n= 22) surgery were pre-operatively randomly allocated to treatment with either cisapride 30 mg t.d.s., by rectal administration, or placebo. Treatment started exactly 48 h after surgery if the patient at this time had not passed stool. Time to passage of first stool after surgery was estimated.Mean time to passage of stool was 85 (32) h (s.d.) for cisapridetreated and 91 (43) h for placebo-treated patients. No difference between the treatment groups was noted.Treatment with cisapride did not shorten the duration of postoperative ileus after either upper gastrointestinal or colonic surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 692 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 21.10.−K ; 21.60.−n ; 25.70.−z ; 27.70.+q
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The strongly shape driving πh9/2[541]l/2− configuration with α=+1/2 exhibits some anomalous, and so far unexplained, features concerning the crossing frequency, ħωc, the aligned angular momentum, ix, and interaction strength, at the alignment of the first pair of i13/2 quasineutrons in several odd-Z rare earth-nuclei. The h9/2[541]1/2− and h11/2[523]7/2− bands have been studied in the stably deformed rare-earth nucleus163Tm to investigate these features. A difference in band crossing frequency of ∼ 80 keV between the two bands is found. Rotational bands built on these two configurations have been found to cross in the spin range I=25/2–29/2 ħ. Theγ-decay pattern between the two bands is established in the crossing region and analysed in terms of a moderate shape difference between them. A theoretical estimate of the size of the interaction strength between the two bands is presented and compared to the experimental value. The observed band structure in163Tm is very similar to that of167Lu which has 2 protons and 2 neutrons in addition. This observation is discussed in relation to the similarity of the yrast bands of the two even-even “core” nuclei162Er and166Yb, for which theγ-transition energies are identical within ∼0.2 keV below the vi13/2 crossing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS: 25.55.Kr 2H-,3He- and 4He-induced charge exchange reactions – 14.20.Gk Baryon resonances with S = 0 – 24.10.Eq Coupled channel and distorted wave models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The inclusive 2(3He,t) reaction has been studied at 2 GeV for energy transfers up to 500 MeV and scattering angles from 0.250 up to 40. Data are well reproduced by a model based on a coupled-channel approach for describing the NN and NΔ systems. The effect of final state interaction is important in the low energy part of the spectra. In the delta region, the cross-section is very sensitive to the effects of Δ-N interaction and ΔN → NN process. The latter has also a large influence well below the pion threshold. The calculation underestimates the experimental cross-section between the quasi-elastic and the delta peaks; this is possibly due to projectile excitation or purely mesonic exchange currents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 252 (1972), S. 189-205 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The gamma-ray decay of the 1658 keV resonance, which is a member of the isobaric analogues of the 1904 keV 3/2− level in44Ca, has been studied with a Ge(Li) detector. A number of gamma-ray transitions are described and associated with the decay of 15 levels between 1.50 and 3.05 MeV. These observations have made it possible to deduce spin and parity assignments to some of the levels. By comparing excited levels of43Sc and45Sc it has been possible to assign certain levels as members of one negative-parity band and two positive-parity bands withK π=1/2+ and 3/2+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: thyroid hormones ; equilibrium dialysis ; immersion ; radioimmunoassay ; development ; hypothyroid ; smoltification ; teleost ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thyroid hormones transiently increase during parr-smolt transformation in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and are believed to trigger morphological, physiological, behavioural, and neural changes. The effectiveness of propylthiouracil (PTU) to induce hypothyroidism in smolting coho salmon was determined by immersing coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in 30 mg l−1 PTU from May 1, two weeks prior to the consistent annual total thyroxine (TT4) peak in mid-May, until the last sampling date. Plasma was obtained at two sampling dates from control and PTU -treated coho salmon: May 15, during the plasma TT4 peak; and May 26, after the TT4 peak. Radioimmunoassays were used to measure plasma TT4, total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and salmon growth hormone (sGH). The PTU -treatment inhibited the natural smoltification-related increases in plasma TT4, TT3 and GH levels compared with controls, but PTU-treatment did not affect these hormone levels when they were low. PTU -treatment increased FT4 and decreased TT3 and sGH levels in the May 26 sample. In the May 15 sample, FT4 levels were unaffected by PTU-treatment, whereas TT4 levels were decreased. These data demonstrate the ability of PTU to induce hypothyroidism in salmonids as shown by the decrease in TT4 and TT3. These data demonstrate that PTU treatment by immersion can induce hypothyroidism in salmonids as shown by: (1) the inhibition of the natural increases of TT4 and TT3; (2) the increase in FT4 levels corresponding to the lowered TT3 levels, suggesting an inhibition of thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity. We also show for the first time that PTU treatment can lower plasma GH levels in salmonids. This lowering of plasma GH level is associated with the decrease in TT3 levels and the increase in FT4 levels. The PTU induced lowering in GH levels may contribute to the observed changes in FT4 and TT3, since GH is known to increase thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Parapineal organ ; Retina ; Photoreceptors ; Development ; Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic developments of the pineal organ, parapineal organ, and retina were studied by the use of light and electron microscopy in embryos and fry of the teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from 60 to 168 h after fertilization. Sixty to 66 h after fertilization, the primordium of the pineal complex is discernible in the diencephalic roofplate; the parapineal anlage is located rostral to the pineal anlage. Photoreceptor cells endowed with outer segments are present in the embryonic pineal organ already after 72 h, whereas outer segments of retinal photoreceptors could not be demonstrated before 144 h (hatching occurs between 120–144 h). Furthermore, neuropil formations with synaptic specializations are present in the rostral part of the pineal organ 108 h after fertilization. At 72 h, the embryonic parapineal parenchyma is already differentiated into parapinealocytes, which give rise to the parapineal tract, and glia-resembling elements. Although parapinealocytes carry cilia (9 × 2 + 0), only a single outer segment of the photoreceptor type could be demonstrated in the parapineal organ of one adult stickleback. Photoreceptors present in the pineal organ of unhatched embryos are hardly involved in visual functions, but may already at this early developmental stage serve as photoneuroendocrine transducers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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