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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characteristics of blood-brain barrier in three different conditions — infarction, selective neuronal death and selective loss of presynaptic terminals — following cerebral ischemia (1992)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 84 (1992), S. 378-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebral ischemia ; Albumin ; Synapsin I ; Microtubule-associated protein 2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the extravasation of serum albumin using immunohistochemistry in three different conditions, i.e., infarction, selective neuronal death and selective loss of presynaptic terminals following cerebral ischemia in gerbils. In selective neuronal death, which is typically found in the CA1 neurons of the hippocampus after 5-min bilateral cerebral ischemia, selective damage of postsynaptic components with intact presynaptic sites was demonstrated by immunohistochemical examination for microtubule-associated protein 2 and synapsin I, and albumin extravasation did not become apparent before postsynaptic structures were destroyed. In cerebral infarction, which was consistently observed in the thalamus after 15-min forebrain ischemia, massive albumin extravasation was visible early after ischemia due probably to the ischemic endothelial necrosis. In selective loss of presynaptic terminals, which was detected at the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the contralateral, nonischemic hippocampus after unilateral cerebral ischemia, immunoreaction for albumin was not visualized. Since endothelium and glial cells were intact in morphological aspects in selective damage of both pre- and postsynaptic sites, it was thought that extravasation was facilitated by the stimulation of endothelial cells and glial cells with unknown factors that were induced by the destruction of post- but not presynaptic elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227664
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal profile of serum albumin extravasation following cerebral ischemia in a newly established reproducible gerbil model for vasogenic brain edema: a combined immunohistochemical and dye tracer analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gerbil ; Cerebral ischemia ; Vasogenic brain edema ; Immunohistochemistry ; Albumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the temporal profile of the extravasation of serum albumin in a reproducible gerbil model of unilateral cerebral ischemia, using immunohistochemical and dye-tracer techniques to evaluate albumin accumulation and the occurrence of active extravasation, respectively. After 30 min of cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, immunostaining for albumin became visible in the lateral part of the thalamus during the first 3 h, and then expanded to other brain regions up to 24 h. At both 24 h and 3 days after reperfusion, massive extravasation of albumin was noted in the whole ischemic hemisphere, and this had decreased again by 7 days after reperfusion. The extent and the degree of albumin immunopositivity were almost the same in all animals examined at each period after reperfusion. The extravasation of Evans blue, which was allowed to circulate for 30 min before death, was limited to the lateral part of the thalamus during the first 6 h of reperfusion. In the circumscribed area of massive albumin extravasation, many neurons were immunopositive for albumin; most of these neurons appeared to be intact and also showed immunostaining for microtubule-associated protein 2. The current investigation clearly demonstrated that (1) albumin extravasation was produced with reliable reproducibility in this model, (2) the lateral part of the thalamus was the region most vulnerable to ischemic blood-brain barrier damage, and (3) many apparently intact neurons in the ischemic region were positive for albumin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294441
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel photosynthetic production of cellular organic matter in natural phytoplankton populations, measured with13C and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 112 (1992), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diel photosynthetic production of water-extractable and residual carbohydrates in natural phytoplankton populations was investigated by analyzing monosaccharide components with combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and13C tracer methods. The applicability of this technique for measuring the photosynthetic production of natural phytoplankton populations was examined. Phytoplankton was collected in August 1984 from Kinu-ura Bay, Japan, and incubated under natural light and dark conditions for 24 h. Cell density and concentration of chlorophylla increased about four- and three-fold, respectively, during the experimental period. Production of glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, fucose, xylose and arabinose was measured in the water-extractable and residual carbohydrate fractions of the phytoplankton. Most of the monosaccharides in both fractions were produced the monosaccharides in both fractions were produced mainly during the daytime. Glucose was a major component in the water-extractable carbohydrate fraction produced by the phytoplankton, and decreased markedly at night. Thus, most of the glucose in the water-extractable carbohydrates seemed to be a constituent of the storage glucan of algal cells. Most monosaccharide components of the water-extractable carbohydrate fraction except glucose did not decrease significantly at night. Ribose of the water-extractable carbohydrate fraction was synthesized at a maximum rate in the morning, prior to the other monosaccharide constituents of this fraction. The major monosaccharide constituent in the residual carbohydrate fraction produced by the phytoplankton was glucose, which decreased significantly at night. Diel change in the production of monosaccharide constituents in residual carbohydrates indicated wide variability in the monosaccharide composition of cell-wall material in algae. The ratios of production of water-extractable and residual carbohydrates to POC production ranged from 8.8 to 28% and from 3.7 to 5.9%, respectively, throughout the daytime and nighttime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702459
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel photosynthetic production of cellular organic matter in natural phytoplankton populations, measured with13C and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 112 (1992), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Production of 7 fatty acids and 13 amino acids of phytoplankton from Kinu-ura Bay, Japan, was determined in 1984 by 24-h time-series experiments, using a combined13C and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The data were compared with the net increase in carbon of these compounds with time, and the specific production of these organic components was calculated. Production of total amino acids attained a maximum rate between 9:00 and 12:00 hrs, while a decrease in this rate was observed between 12:00 and 15:00 hrs, when production rate of total fatty acids was maximum. These changes appeared to be caused by the nitrogen deficiency which occurred during this period. Increase in the relative proportion of 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids to total fatty acids was observed, while decrease of 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids in the photosynthetic products was noted at 12:00 hrs. No systematic diel change was observed in the amino acid composition of photosynthetic products throughout the incubation period. The specific production rates of fatty acids and amino acids were less than those of water-extractable carbohydrates even after day-night incubation. Such differences were most likely due to nitrogen deficiency in phytoplankton cells. Photosynthetic production of each organic compound estimated by the combined13C and GC/MS method generally accounted for ca. 70 to 80% of its net increase in organic carbon. Other sources of carbon were assumed to be related to the net increase in these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702460
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on water-extractable carbohydrates of the particulate matter from the northwest Pacific Ocean (1969)
    Springer
    Marine biology 4 (1969), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied carbohydrate metabolism in the marine environment by means of the isolation and characterization of carbohydrates of particulate matter from various depths. The present work is especially concerned with water-extractable carbohydrates of the particulate samples from 11 stations of the northwest Pacific Ocean. Water-extractable carbohydrate content in the particulate matter of the surface waters was measured; it ranged from 19.2 to 36.0% of the total particulate carbohydrate. These values decreased, ranging from 6.5 to 15.5% at 50 m depth. Such rapid vertical change of the concentration of the carbohydrate indicated that it was lost from the particulate matter much faster than the other particulate organic constituents such as protein and water-insoluble carbohydrate. This process left water-insoluble carbohydrate in the deep-water particulate matter as previously observed in the Sagami Nada, off eastern Honshu, Japan. Upon acid hydrolysis, water-extractable carbohydrate revealed glucose ranging from 67.0 to 84.2%. Rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose and galactose were also identified as components of the carbohydrate fraction. Carbohydrate studies on the laboratory cultured diatoms clearly indicated that the water-extractable carbohydrates were food reserve materials of the diatoms. In view of this fact, the metabolism of the water-extractable carbohydrate in the euphotic zone and its underlying layer is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393893
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbohydrate metabolism in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (1969)
    Springer
    Marine biology 4 (1969), S. 208-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This is a study on the metabolism of the algal biochemical constituents of a marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum. The carbohydrates, protein, and lipid, of the diatom grown under light and dark conditions were analyzed. The composition of the organic compounds did not vary in the alga grown under continuous light conditions throughout the experiment, although a little accumulation of carbohydrate and lipid was observed in the stationary phase of the algal growth. When the diatom, at maximum growth stage, was transferred to darkness, 44.4% of the carbohydrate, 57.8% of the protein, and 27.0% of the lipid were used by respiration within a few days. Detailed analysis of the algal carbohydrate demonstrated that low molecular weight carbohydrates, consisting of glucose, and β-1,3-glucan, were readily metabolized by algal respiration, leaving cell-wall carbohydrates consisting of mannan and pentosan which are immune to algal respiration. The respiratory utilization of carbohydrates is discussed in relation to the rapid decay of glucan from marine particulate matter during the course of its sinking to further depths in the ocean, as observed previously by the present author.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393894
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A detailed analysis of carbohydrates in marine particulate matter (1969)
    Springer
    Marine biology 2 (1969), S. 228-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed profiles of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, carbohydrate and proteinous amino acid have been determined in particulate matter from various depths at a station in Sagami Nada off eastern Honshu, Japan. The profiles suggest that carbohydrate is decayed from particulate matter more rapidly than proteinous amino acid in the euphotic zone, while the latter is removed to a higher extent than the former in deep waters,which results in the increase of the C/N values of particulate matter in the depths. All of the particulate matter gave D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-xylose and D-glucuronic acid upon acid hydrolysis. Vertical change of the monosaccharide composition of this particulate matter indicates that only D-glucose and its polymers are preferentially removed from it during its descent. Carbohydrates from the particulate matter of 20 m depth were fractionated into water-soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. Detailed analysis of these fractions indicates that 1,3-glucan and its related low molecular weight carbohydrates from the water-soluble fraction decay between 50 and 300 m depth, to leave waterinsoluble carbohydrates, immune to biological attack during the course of further sinking. On the basis of these facts, the effects of the biochemical nature of these carbohydrates on the vertical change of the particulate carbohydrate distribution are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351145
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in the marine environment and their ecological significance in the deep sea (1990)
    Springer
    Marine biology 106 (1990), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Determination of low molecular weight carbohydrates in marine environments indicated that 1-O-β-D-galactosylglycerol, 6-O-α-D-galactosyl-1-O-β-D-galacto-sylglycerol, sucrose, laminaribiose and laminaritriose are widely distributed in seawaters, suspended and sinking particles, and sediments in coastal as well as in deep-sea waters [e.g. Mikawa Bay and Sagami Bay, Kumano Nada (offshore Japan), and northwest North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea and Antarctic Ocean: collections during 1978–1984]. Identification of these glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in algal cells such as a flagellate (Olisthodisus luteus), blue-green algae (e.g.Trichodesmium sp.) and a diatom (Reptocylindrus denicus) strongly suggests that these sugars are photosynthetically produced by algae in the euphotic zone and are then rapidly transported to the deep sea as sinking particles which can be collected by sediment-trap experiments. The rapid decay rate of low molecular weight carbohydrates by microorganisms suggests that the transported sugars provide energy substrates for microorganisms living in the deep sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314815
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical fluxes and ecological significance of organic materials during the phytoplankton bloom during austral summer in Breid Bay, Antarctica (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 112 (1992), S. 469-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mooring system consisting of an in situ fluorometer at a depth of 50 m and a time-series sediment trap at a depth of 110 m was deployed at the sediment trap site (70°11.536'S; 24°18.679'E; water depth: 300 m) in Breid Bay, Antarctica in austral summer from 28 December 1985 to 13 February 1986. Sinking particles, consisting of diatoms (mainly Thalassiosira antarctica), were analyzed for organic materials, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Vertical fluxes of organic carbon and nitrogen were determined to be within the ranges of 12.3 to 116 mg C m-2 d-1 and 1.79 to 15.4 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively, with maxima in the middle of January 1986, after which time the organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes tended to decrease with a steep gradient. High values of δ13C were found in the organic matter of the sinking particles collected before the middle of January, indicating that the organic matter was derived from the diatoms in the logarithmic phase of their growth. Increased abundance of glucose was found in the water-extractable carbohydrate, which was one of the sinking particles collected in the middle of January. This fact clearly indicated that the diatoms were no longer in the growth phase but rather in the stationary phase, because reserved glucan as well as various cellular organic materials were reportedly accumulated within the algal cells in the stationary phase. Fifteen species of protein amino acids with trace amounts of β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid and ornithine were found in the sinking particles upon acid hydrolysis, but the amino acid composition of these samples had not been affected much by biological agents. The essential amino acid index was calculated for the sinking particles collected in the course of the sediment trap experiment. The indices obtained indicated that the sinking particles collected in Breid Bay were more ecologically significant than the sinking and suspended particles from deep waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356292
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose-splitting enzymes - VII. Starch zone electrophoresis of cellulose and other carbohydrases from Irpex lacteus
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 96 (1962), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-9861
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(62)90464-2
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