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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 3231-3233 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model is constructed where a nonequilibrium vacancy concentration resulting from electromigration-induced mass flux divergences is responsible for damage in the form of wedge-like and/or crack-like voids as well as thinning of extended areas. The damage morphology is primarily a function of temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 3081-3087 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Growth and microstructure of thin Ag, Cu, and Au films ultrahigh vacuum deposited onto single-crystalline mica(001) have been studied in situ by intrinsic stress measurements (ISM) and low-energy electron diffraction. Depending on the respective substrate temperature, three different modes of Vollmer–Weber (VW) growth can be clearly distinguished by ISM: (i) VW-type nucleation and subsequent columnar grain growth at low temperatures (110 K) where grain-boundary relaxation is the prevailing stress contribution, (ii) polycrystalline VW mode in a medium temperature range that is characterized by VW-type nucleation and grain growth in the continuous film and dominated by the capillarity stress, and (iii) epitaxial VW growth mode at temperatures above 470 K for Ag and 600 K for Cu and Au; here a novel stress mechanism due to the formation of "single-crystalline grain boundaries'' appears during the network stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 6194-6194 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We find scaling behavior of the linear ac impedance consistent with a transition into a vortex glass state in measurements on cuprate YBaCuO superconducting thin films in large magnetic fields, H(approximately-greater-than)Hcl. The films were measured in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 500 MHz. At the vortex glass transition temperature, Tg, and in the ac linear regime we find scaling behavior of the impedance amplitude, ||Z||∝ω0.83, and a frequency-independent phase, φ=74°. The measured frequency dependence, ||Z||∝ω(2−d+z)/z, and phase φ=(π/2)(2−d+z)/z is consistent within experimental error of the value of the critical exponent z obtained from dc current-voltage measurements on the same sample. At higher temperatures and still in the linear regime, we find scaling behavior of a temperature-dependent crossover frequency to the critical regime, Ω(T−Tg), and at Tg, scaling behavior of a current density which sets the size of the linear regime, J0(ω, T=Tg). Within experimental error, all of these results are in excellent agreement with predictions for the ac impedance of the vortex glass phase transition in large magnetic fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Controlled application of radiating impurities in the boundary layer can help to solve the problem of power exhaust in a fusion reactor. Experiments in the Torus Experiment for Technological Oriented Research (TEXTOR) [J. Nucl. Mater. 145–147, 3 (1987)] are presented, which show that impurities with sufficiently high atomic number (≥10) are well suited for this purpose. Injection of neon, a gas recycled at the wall, enabled the establishment of a quasistationary radiating boundary layer, from which more than 90% of the input power was emitted. The required neon density was established by means of a feedback control for the neon influx, which was made possible by the toroidal pump limiter Advanced Limiter Technology (ALT-II) [J. Nucl. Mater. 162–164, 115 (1989)]. Alternatively, or in addition silicon was introduced as a condensing element—either by surface reactions from siliconized walls or by silane [SiH(D)4] injection—which revealed self-controlling mechanisms effective with changing plasma parameters. In neither case was a significant increase in central impurity concentration observed and good energy confinement time was maintained up to the highest plasma densities. Based on the information from various refined edge diagnostics, the underlying mechanisms for the buildup of a radiating plasma mantle and the interdependences of neon and silicon on other impurities are discussed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3859-3862 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A stress-measuring apparatus based on the cantilever beam principle is described that can be used to determine the internal stress of thin films continuously during and after their deposition. The displacement of the free end of the cantilever beam−which is proportional to the film stress−is determined with high sensitivity and long time stability using a differential capacitance method in combination with phase-sensitive detection. The entire apparatus is fully compatible with UHV requirements and includes provisions for heating and cooling the substrate. The reproducible performance of the stress-measuring apparatus is demonstrated with silver films deposited onto MgF2-coated substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Understanding the magnetic switching behavior in micron and submicron scale specimens is important for a number of applications. In this study, magnetic-tunnel junctions of various sizes and shapes were fabricated and their switching behavior was studied in detail. Using exchange bias to offset the magnetic response of one electrode, the response of the other (free) electrode was determined from measurements of junction resistance. Switching threshold curves were measured by sweeping magnetic fields in both easy and hard direction. Single domain like switching was observed in some of our smallest submicron junctions. The observed behavior was compared with predictions from the Stoner–Wohlfarth rotational model and from numerical calculations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 1529-1533 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the magnetic field noise and the spatial correlation of the noise were made in a typical laboratory environment using two three-axis fluxgate magnetometers. The magnitude of the magnetic field noise was found to be approximately 100 pT/Hz at 10 Hz with a correlation of 90% at a separation of 1 m between the two sensors. The correlation was significantly reduced from noise induced eddy currents near large metallic surfaces. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have constructed a portable magnetic field gradiometer from fluxgate magnetometers using a novel common-mode rejection method. The sensor, known as a room temperature Three Sensor Gradiometer (rtTSG), is, as far as we know, the first hand-held gradiometer that can measure all components of the magnetic field gradient tensor. The rtTSG can measure these components in motion at a noise level of about 1.4×10−10 T/m(square root of)Hz at 1 Hz. Real time tracking of magnetic dipoles while the gradiometer is in motion has been demonstrated. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2777-2784 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Perth Astronomy Research Group has developed an automated supernova search program, using the 61 cm Perth–Lowell reflecting telescope at Perth Observatory in Western Australia, equipped with a CCD camera. The system is currently capable of observing about 15 objects per hour, using 3 min exposures, and has a detection threshold of 18th–19th magnitude. The entire system has been constructed using low-cost IBM-compatible computers. Two original discoveries (SN 1993K, SN 1994R) have so far been made during automated search runs. This paper describes the hardware and software used for the supernova search program, and shows some preliminary results from the search system. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Wound repair and regeneration 8 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Expression of endogenous transforming growth factor-β1 is reduced in many animal models of impaired wound healing, and addition of exogenous transforming growth factor-β has been shown to improve healing. To test the hypothesis that endogenous transforming growth factor-β1 is essential for normal wound repair, we have studied wound healing in mice in which the transforming growth factor-β1 gene has been deleted by homologous recombination. No perceptible differences were observed in wounds made in 3–10-day-old neonatal transforming growth factor-β1 null mice compared to wild-type littermates. To preclude interference from maternally transferred transforming growth factor-β1, cutaneous wounds were also made on the backs of 30-day-old transforming growth factor-β1 null and littermate control mice treated with rapamycin, which extends their lifetime and suppresses the inflammatory response characteristic of the transforming growth factor-β1 null mice. Again, no impairment in healing was seen in transforming growth factor-β1 null mice. Instead these wounds showed an overall reduction in the amount of granulation tissue and an increased rate of epithelialization compared to littermate controls. Our data suggest that release of transforming growth factor-β1 from degranulating platelets or secretion by infiltrating macrophages and fibroblasts is not critical to initiation or progression of tissue repair and that endogenous transforming growth factor-β1 may actually function to increase inflammation and retard wound closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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