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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring the water-holding capacity in visually non-irritated skin by plastic occlusion stress test (POST) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 15 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin-surface water loss (SSWL) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were studied after a plastic occlusion stress test (POST) in visually non-damaged skin treated with 7%, sodium lauryl sulphate for 3 days (open application). After removal of the 24-h plastic occlusion, SSWL and TEWL were recorded continuously for 25 min. SSWL decay curves show significant differences between control and treated areas. The total amount of water trapped within the stratum corneum and released after 1 min is significantly reduced (P 〈 0·01) in the treated site. Higher TEWL (P 〈 0·02) in visually non-irritated skin is noticeable in the terminal part of the curve reflecting the damage of the water barrier in irritated skin. The data suggest that clinically normal skin exposed to subliminal irritant stimuli is less capable of storing water within the stratum corneum resulting in decreased hydration. The POST appears to be a simple and reliable tool to investigate non-visible hut biologically relevant changes in stratum corneum function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1990.tb02043.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of calcipotriol on stratum corneum barrier function, hydration and cell renewal in humans (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 135 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcipotriol. a vitamin D analogue utilized for psoriasis, has irritation as its most frequent reported adverse event. However, studies on its irritant properties in humans have produced conflicting data. This study evaluates the effect of calcipotriol on stratum corneum barrier function, hydration and cell turnover in healthy volunteers, compared with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as a model irritant. Calcipotriol 0·005% ointment and 1% aqueous SLS solution were applied for 2 weeks (5 consecutive days weekly) on untreated and on dansyl-chloride-labelled skin. Irritant responses were documented by visual scoring and by measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (electrical capacitance), until day 18 Stratum corneum turnover time (SCTT) was the time in days between staining (day 0) and the disappearance of dansyl fluorescence. SLS caused more erythema, scaling, and a significant TEWL increase for 18 days. In contrast, calcipotriol induced erythema, and slightly but significantly increased TEWL on day 11 only, as compared with the vehicle control (P〈0·05) SLS, but not calcipotriol, caused skin dryness from day 4 to day 18. The shortest SCTT was obtained at SLS-exposed sites (11·2 ± 0·7 days: mean± SD). Calcipotriol significantly shortened SCTT (16.3 ± 1.1 days) when compared with its vehicle. Compared with the skin irritation induced by SLS, under these test conditions, calcipotriol is a far weaker irritant on normal human skin. In addition, calcipotriol accelerates stratum corneum turnover to a significantly greater extent than its vehicle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1037.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of all-trans retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate on the permeability of human skin in vitro (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 135 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent in vivo investigations have shown that pretreatment with topical all-trans retinoic acid (RA) may diminish the skin response to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). This study evaluated the permeation of SLS through human skin after pretreatment with RA, and vice versa, by in vitro methods. The permeability coefficient of SLS (3.24 ± 0.21 × 103 cm/h) and the 24-h cumulative amount of SLS (3.41 ± 0.6% of dose applied) permeating RA-pretreated skin did not differ significantly from those across untreated skin (control) (P 〉 0.05). In contrast, the permeability coefficient of RA (0.23 ± 0.05 × 103 cm/h) and its 24-h cumulative amount (0.37 ± 0.05% of dose applied) penetrating SLS-pretreated skin were significantly greater than those permeating untreated skin (P〈0.05). Thus, an increase in RA penetration was induced by SLS pretreatment; however, pretreating the skin with RA did not inhibit the percutaneous permeation of SLS. Based on previous in vivo findings where RA reduced skin reactions to SLS,8 one would speculate that RA pretreatment may decrease SLS penetration. However, these penetration data do not necessarily uphold this presumption. Perhaps, other interactions between the substances and the skin, e.g. at cellular levels, may be responsible for the differing skin responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1016.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 119 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In vivo transepidermal water loss studies are characterized by large inter-individual variability and biased by environmental effects and eccrine sweating. An in vitro technique for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was used to compare TEWL in two racial groups—blacks and whites. In both groups a significant correlation between skin temperature and increased TEWL was found (P 〈0.01). Furthermore, black skin had a significantly higher mean TEWL than white skin, corrected log TEWL 2.79 and 2.61 μg/cm2/h, respectively. The difference in TEWL between the groups could be because measurements were made in the absence of eccrine sweating and other vital functions. The higher TEWL in black skin could be explained on the basis of a thermoregulatory mechanism. The anatomical and physiological differences in the stratum corneum between different races are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03478.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of repeated skin administration on in vivo percutaneous absorption of drugs (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 115 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02109.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratum corneum adhesive tape stripping: influence of anatomical site, application pressure, duration and removal (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 151 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Tape stripping is a common method for investigating stratum corneum (SC) physiology as well as bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical drugs.Objectives  To investigate the influence of procedures (anatomical site, pressure, pressure duration, tape removal rate) inherent in each stripping protocol on changes in skin physiology.Methods  Tape stripping was performed using tapes on the forearm, forehead and back. On the forearm different pressures (165 and 330 g cm−2), durations of pressure (2 and 10 s), and removal rate (slow and rapid removal) were used. Changes in skin physiology were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration.Results  A significant influence of all parameters on the TEWL increase as a function of tape strip number was observed. The fastest increase was demonstrated on the forehead, followed by the back and, lastly, the forearm. Rapid removal produced a protracted increase in comparison with slow removal. Pressure for 10 s induced a faster increase in TEWL than 2 s pressure. Likewise, pressure at 330 g cm−2 induced an earlier increase than pressure at 165 g cm−2. Skin hydration was not influenced by the variables tested.Conclusions  Tape stripping results are influenced dramatically by all investigated parameters. A dynamic SC stress test to investigate SC cohesion more closely is proposed based on the present observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06084.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of human forearm and vulvar skin (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 122 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using a newly developed suction device, the mechanical properties of forearm and vulvar skin were studied in 22 healthy women, 12 before and 10 after the menopause. The ratio between viscous deformation (Uv) and elastic deformation (Ue) and the biological elasticity, i.e. the ratio between immediate recovery (Ur) and total deformation (Uf), were both significantly lower in vulvar than in forearm skin. Ur/Uf decreased significantly with load in vulvar, but not in forearm skin, whereas Uv/Ue was not load-dependent in either site. Uv/Ue remained constant with age in both test sites, whereas Ur/Uf was significantly lower in post-menopausal women in both forearm and vulvar skin. In vulvar, but not in forearm skin, Uv/Ue was significantly correlated with body height which may be an indicator of mechanical connective tissue properties. Viscous deformation plays a lesser role and biological elasticity is decreased in vulvar compared to forearm skin. Despite differences in mechanical parameters at both sites, age-related changes seem to be similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb07282.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal models for percutaneous penetration: assessing contamination of the experimental system (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 115 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have used both quantitative and qualitative procedures to assess the validity of percutaneous penetration data obtained from the guinea-pig in vivo. Our results indicate that, under certain, not unusual, experimental conditions the results may be misleading and should be viewed with caution. Contamination of the experimental system, either by simple desquamation from the site of application, or trauma to the site such as rubbing or scratching, may greatly influence the results. We conclude that simple control experiments similar to those described should be conducted when using in vivo animal models for studies on percutaneous penetration, and particularly where the subject is not totally immobilized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05748.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytoses (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 19 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Whether griseofuilvin, which pioneered oral antifungal therapy, works topically has long been an open question. The effectiveness of a 1% griseofulvin spray formulation and the vehicle alone against experimentally induced Trichophyton mentagrphytes lesions on the forearms of 16 healthy volunteers and in the treatment of 100 tinea pedis patients (various dermatophytes) was evaluated in a double-blind study. After treatment of teh58 induced lesions twice daily for 14 days with topical griseofulvin (28) of placebo(30),80% of lesions receiving griseofulvin were mycologically negative compared with 30% in the placebo group (p〈0.001), In the tinea pedis patients who applied medication once daily for 4 week and 80.9% 2 weeks post-treatment. Resurgence of dermatophytes quickly followed the end of treatment in the placebo group only, which had a mycological cure rate of 34%(week6) Administration of a ropical formulation of griseofulvin thus may be an effective treatment for interdigital dermatophyte infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01113.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A functional study of the skin barrier to evaporative water loss by means of repeated cellophane-tape stripping (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 15 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The functional role of different layers of the horny layer in preventing evaporative water loss was studied by an adhesive cellophane-tape stripping technique. The increase in transepidermal water loss, as described by a mathematical equation based on curve-fitting analysis, was shown to be proportional to the decrease in thickness of the horny layer. In the second half of the curve the experimental data showed slightly higher transepidermal-water-loss values than would be expected on the basis of proportionality with thickness of the stratum corneum. The data suggest that the outer layers of the horny layer are also important in forming a barrier to evaporative water loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1990.tb02068.x
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