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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 21 (1986), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Basée sur les notes publiées sur l'évolution diagénétique des diapirs évaporitiques, et sur les données géologiques et les résultats préliminaires concernant la géochimie et les inclusions fluides, un nouveau modèle génétique est présenté pour les minerais sidéritiques métasomatiques du Maghreb. Dans l'ensemble, des saumures chaudes, issues des évaporites enfouies, et/ou des eaux derivées du gypse et d'autres sediments, semblent avoir réagi avec leurs roches hôtes durant la diagenèse précoce, devenant ainsi acides et réductrices. Ceci entraine la mise en solution et le transport du fer et d'autres cations. Ces saumures sont canalisées vers les parties apicales des diapirs, où elles déposent leurs solutés par processus métasomatiques dans les fractures du toit carbonaté. D'autres modes de dépôt, aussi bien par chute de température et de pression que par mélange avec les eaux de subsurface, sont marqués par des filons occasionels minéralisés en fer et très rarement en barytine et fluorine. Le modèle est tout à fait comparable à ce publié récemment sur l'origine des minéralisations à Pb-Zn de la même région. Il est évident que les deux groupes de minéralisation partagent des caractéristiques métallogéniques non seulement spatiotemporelles mais aussi causales.
    Notes: Abstract Based on published accounts of the diagenetic evolution of evaporite diapirs and geological, preliminary geochemical, and fluid inclusion data a new genetic model is presented for the North African metasomatic siderite deposits. Essentially, hot brines from the buried evaporites, gypsum-derived and/or other formation waters are thought to have reacted with their host rocks during early diagenesis becoming acid and reducing, thus allowing solution and transport of Fe and other cations. They were channeled toward the apical parts of diapirs where they deposited their solute by metasomatic processes in fractured roof carbonates. Other depositional modes by pressure and temperature drop as well as by mixing with near-surface waters are indicated by the occasional vein-type iron ores and very minor barite and fluorite. The model is quite comparable to recently published thoughts on the origin of the Pb-Zn deposits of the same area. Obviously, both groups of deposits share not only temporal and spatial but also causal metallogenic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 34 (1999), S. 614-629 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The two Alpine orogenic phases of the Eastern Alps, in the Cretaceous and in the Tertiary, were both accompanied by the formation of mineral deposits. However, subduction-related magmatic belts as well as the typical “Andean” ore deposits are missing. Therefore, the role of metamorphism in East Alpine metallogeny was tentatively explored for more than 60 y, although for a long time without tangible results. Microthermometric, geochemical and isotopic investigations of fluid inclusions from selected Alpine mineral deposits presented allow a preliminary confirmation of the involvement of metamorphic fluids in their origin. Deposits which were formed immediately after the first, Cretaceous orogeny, were produced at high pressures by fluids of very high salinity and high density, and with an isotopic composition of the water falling into the metamorphic field. These fluids are best understood as products of metamorphic de-volatilization of rocks of the subducted South Pennine domain. In contrast to this, the deposits formed after the second, Tertiary orogeny, originated at relatively low pressures from fluids with an appreciable content of CO2 and of low to moderate salinities. Isotopic compositions of this carbon indicate a deep crustal or even mantle source for CO2, while the water is isotopically more heterogeneous and may have mixed sources, both surficial and metamorphic. Tectonic control of these mineralizations is late-orogenic trans-tensional faulting, which exposed hot metamorphic rocks to fluid convection along brittle structures. These deposits conform best to the model of metamorphogenic metallogenesis by retrograde leaching, although ponded metamorphic fluids and mantle volatiles may also have been involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applicable algebra in engineering, communication and computing 7 (1996), S. 235-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0622
    Keywords: Standard bases ; Syzygies ; Computer algebra system ; Highest corner ; EcartMethod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe an implementation of a general standard basis algorithm, valid for any monomial ordering compatible with the natural semigroup structure. We concentrate on new strategies which have proved useful, in particular in the non-wellordering case. Moreover, we describe the first implementation of Schreyer's method to compute syzygies and compare it with other, more classical methods. Comparisons of the computing time of several examples in the system SINGULAR give hints as to which strategies should be used in different classes of examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applicable algebra in engineering, communication and computing 7 (1996), S. 235-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0622
    Keywords: Key words Standard bases ; Syzygies ; Computer algebra system ; Highest corner ; EcartMethod.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract  We describe an implementation of a general standard basis algorithm, valid for any monomial ordering compatible with the natural semigroup structure. We concentrate on new strategies which have proved useful, in particular in the non-wellordering case. Moreover, we describe the first implementation of Schreyer’s method to compute syzygies and compare it with other, more classical methods. Comparisons of the computing time of several examples in the system SINGULAR give hints as to which strategies should be used in different classes of examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 6 (1980), S. 95-95 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 475 (1994), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Keywords: Carbonyl ; Iron ; Oxidative addition ; Phosphorus ; Trimethyisilyl
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 30 (1982), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 84 (1995), S. 831-842 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Austroalpine Crystalline Complex ; Tertiary mineralization ; Hydrothermal veins ; Stable isotope analyses ; Microthermometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The specularite deposit at Waldenstein is an epigenetic replacement/vein-type hematite mineralization with distinct alteration zones. It is situated in highly metamorphosed schists and gneisses of the Koralm Crystalline Complex. Sericitization and chloritization are strictly bound to this alteration and occur within a few meters of the hematite veins. Radiometric dating of the sericitization and the implicity of the mineralization yield a Middle Eocene age. Petrographic evidence proves an early, relatively reduced paragenesis (magnetite, ilmenite) being partly replaced by hematite and chlorite during the main phase of ore formation. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope investigations indicate that formation temperatures were approximately 300  °C during the main stage and decreased to 200  °C in the latest stage of the hydrothermal event. The H-isotope compositions of chlorites and of fluid inclusions in quartz indicate the influence of seawater. This also explains the high salinities determined by fluid inclusion studies (20–30% NaCl equiv.). According to the genetic model presented in this paper the hydrothermal activity started when the deformation accompanying the uplift of the Koralm Crystalline Complex passed from a ductile to brittle regime (Middle Eocene). The brittle faults acted as channelways for rising, deep fluids, probably of metamorphic origin. Temperature differences between the different uplifting crustal segments supported fluid circulation. Precipitation of the ore occurred at shallow crustal levels where the hydraulic regime was dominated by seawater, and oxidation of the original reducing fluids took place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 79 (1990), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Magnesite is relatively frequent as a mineral, there are, however, only two types of economically important deposits: The world's largest reserves are found in deposits of theVeitsch type. These are strata-bound lensoid and nearly monomineralic bodies consisting of coarsely crystalline »spar« magnesite hosted by marine platform sediments. Conspicuous are sedimentary and diagenetic features of the magnesite bearing suites, which indicate formation within a subtidal, evaporitic environment closely associated with sabkhas, mudbars or other inter- to supratidal highs. The coarse crystallinity of these magnesites is a product of diagenesis. As spar magnesites as a rock are mainly characterized by diagenetic features it is now often concluded that the main phase of magnesium concentration would also have taken place during late diagenesis or early metamorphism from fluids formed by these processes. In that case, their origin would be by hydrothermal replacement. Contrary to this trend it is here concluded by integrating important data that Veitsch type magnesites are essentially ofsyngenetic origin. A genetic model is presented, which stresses their kinship with shallow water marine chloride type evaporites. Deposits of cryptocrystalline magnesite of theKraubath type are much smaller and less frequent than spar magnesites, although they are quite important because of their high quality product. Deposits include veins and stockworks of snow-white magnesite in ultramafic country rocks. Genetic models of Kraubath type magnesites include the extremes of supergene alteration versus hypogene-hydrothermal formation. In this paper, arguments are discussed which favour the second interpretation, illustrated by a model asSynearsurface epithermal deposits.
    Abstract: Résumé Bien que la magnésite soit un minéral relativement fréquent, elle ne constitue que deux types de gisements d'importance économique: Le premier est le type Veitsch dont les gisements comportent les plus grandes réserves de magnésite du monde. Il s'agit de corps lenticulaires «strata-bounds», formés de magnésite grossière («spathique») presque monominérale et contenus dans des sédiments marins de plate-forme. Diverses structures sédimentaires et diagénétiques dans les roches de ces séries indiquent une formation dans un milieu sub-évaporitique, en association étroite avec des sabkhas, des «mud bars» et d'autres milieux inter- à supratidaux. La cristallinité grossière de ces magnésites est d'origine diagénétique. Comme ces magnésites spathiques portent surtout l'empreinte du stade diagénétique, on tend aujourd'hui à rapporter aussi à ce stade la phase principale de concentration du Mg. Ceci impliquerait une formation par métasomatose hydrothermale de carbonates pré-existants, les fluides responsables de ce métasomatisme étant d'origine diagénétique ou métamorphique. Contrairement à ce modèle courant, et se basant sur une revue de l'ensemble de données actuelles, on conclut ici que les magnésites du type Veitsch sont essentiellement d'origine sédimentaire. L'auteur présente un modèle génétique qui fait appel à une relation étroite avec des évaporites marines du type chloruré. La deuxième source économique de magnésite est représentée par les gisements du type Kraubath, dont les réserves sont beaucoup moins importantes mais la qualité supérieure comparées à celles des magnésites spathiques. Il s'agit de filons et Stockwerks de magnésite d'un blanc de neige dans des roches ultramafiques. Les interprétations génétiques avancées pour les gisements du type Kraubath comportent des modèles extrêmes: origine par altération supergène d'une part et formation à partir des fluides hydrothermaux d'autre part. Les arguments discutés dans la présente note sont en faveur de la deuxième interprétation; ils sont illustrés par un modèle de gisements épithermaux peu profonds.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Magnesit ist zwar ein relativ häufiges Mineral, seine wirtschaftlich bedeutenden Lagerstätten erscheinen aber nur in zwei Typen: Die größten bergbaulichen Reserven liegen imVeitsch Typ vor, das sind schichtgebundene, linsige Körper von nahezu monomineralischem, grobkristallinem »Spatmagnesit« in marinen Plattformsedimenten. Besonders auffällig sind charakteristische sedimentäre und diagenetische Merkmale dieser Lagerstätten und ihrer Nebengesteine, welche insgesamt auf Bildung in einem subtidalen, evaporitischen Milieu in enger Nachbarschaft zu naheliegenden Sabkhas oder Schlammbänken und anderen inter- bis supratidalen Hochzonen verweisen. Daß Spatmagnesite ihre Hauptprägung offenbar während der Diagenese erfahren führt dazu, daß heute auch die erstmalige Konzentration des Mg in den Lagerstätten in diese Phase verlegt wird. Daraus ergäbe sich eine hydrothermal-metasomatische Entstehung durch Fluide, deren Herkunft zur Zeit meist in Zusammenhang mit diagenetischen oder metamorphen Prozessen gebracht wird. Im Gegensatz zu diesem Trend wird hier auf Grund einer Zusammenschau aller wesentlichen Daten zu diesen Lagerstätten eine im wesentlichensyngenetische Entstehung der Spatmagnesite vertreten. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, in dem die Ähnlichkeit mit chloridischen Seichtwasserevaporiten betont ist. Ogerstätten von kryptokristallinem Magnesit desKraubath Typs sind seltener und relativ klein, doch infolge der Rohstoffqualität besonders gesucht. Es sind Gänge und oberflächennahe Stockwerkkörper von schneeweißem Magnesit in ultramafischen Nebengesteinen, der oft kolloforme, selten auch faserige Texturen zeigt. Genetische Modelle der Bildung solcher Magnesitlagerstätten liegen zwischen den unvereinbaren Extremen einer supergenen Entstehung durch Verwitterung und einer hypogen-hydrothermalen Bildung. Es werden Argumente für das zweitgenannte Modell angeführt, wobei auffällige Parallelen zuoberflächennahen, epithermalen Lagerstätten festgestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 45 (1992), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühe Beobachtungen über enge Zusammenhänge zwischen regionaler Metamorphose und Lagerstättenbildung wurden in jüngerer Zeit bestätigt, so daß die Klasse der metamorphogenen Lagerstätten nunmehr nahezu gesichert ist. Zwei verschiedene genetische Modelle bilden die Endglieder eines in der Natur vorkommenden Spektrums solcher Lagerstättenbildung: das Modell der prograden Devolatilisierung und das Modell einer retrograden Laugung. Im ersten Fall wurden die lagerstättenbildenden Fluide innerhalb eines Gesteinskörpers gebildet, während dieser eine prograde Metamorphose erlitt; gleichzeitig nahmen die Fluide ihre kennzeichnende Lösungsfracht auf. Danach fließen sie einem Druckgefälle folgend aus dem Bildungsraum ab, z.T. unter weiteren Reaktionen mit Nebengesteinen. Chemische oder physikalische Zustandsänderungen im Verlauf der Fließwege induzieren den Mineralabsatz. Retrograde Laugung hingegen findet statt, wenn ein noch heiβer metamorpher Komplex nach Durchlaufen der maximalen p/T-Bedingungen durch von außen zufließende Wässer geflutet und abgekühlt wird; dies wird gewöhnlich mit Aufstieg und Dehnungstektonik verbunden sein, weshalb die resultierenden Konvektionszellen zur Oberfläche offen sind. Metamorphogene Lagerstätten können nicht nur mit Feldmethoden als solche erkannt werden, da sie dort einfach als epigenetische hydrothermale Mineralisationen erscheinen. Nur die Anwendung eines breiten Spektrums geeigneter Labormethoden erlaubt eine richtige Zuordnung. Es wird erwartet, daß zukünftige Forschung dadurch wesentliche Fortschritte erzielt, daß die Entwicklung metamorpher Komplexe in Zeit und Raum quantitativ untersucht wird, ähnlich wie jene sedimentärer Becken in der modernen Erdölgeologie.
    Notes: Summary Early tentative hypotheses, that regional metamorphism may be genetically associated with the formation of mineral deposits are now reasonably confirmed, and the class of metamorphogenic mineral deposits is widely accepted. Two end member models define a range of possibilities occurring in nature: the prograde devolatilization model, and the retrograde leaching model. In the first, the mineralizing fluids are thought to have been generated and to have acquired their solute content within source rocks undergoing prograde metamorphism. Then they flow towards lower pressure zones, possibly accompanied by further reactions with country rocks. Finally, changes in the chemical or physical environment along the flow conduits potentially induce mineral precipitation. Retrograde leaching occurs after peak metamorphism, when a still-hot metamorphic complex is flooded and cooled by waters from outside; this will normally happen during uplift and extensional tectonics, and the resulting convection cells are open to the surface. Metamorphogenic deposits cannot be recognized as such in the field, where they appear as examples of epigenetic hydrothermal mineralization. Only the application of a broad spectrum of laboratory methods allows a correct genetic classification. It is expected that future research will increasingly quantify the evolution of metamorphic terranes through time, similar to modern basin analysis in petroleum geology.
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