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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 397 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 318 (1985), S. 20-20 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In a recent News and Views article on yeast cell biology (Nature 316, 678), I. HerSkowitz states that mutations in yeast that result in Gj arrest with reduced protein synthesis are relatively unlikely to reflect specific cell-cycle controls, in contrast with mutations such as cdc28, which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We found that PPM1D, encoding a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, lies within an epicenter of the region at 17q23 that is amplified in breast cancer. We show that overexpression of this gene confers two oncogenic phenotypes on cells in culture: attenuation of apoptosis induced by serum ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To date, more than 200 microRNAs have been described in humans; however, the precise functions of these regulatory, non-coding RNAs remains largely obscure. One cluster of microRNAs, the mir-17–92 polycistron, is located in a region of DNA that is amplified in human B-cell lymphomas. Here ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 65 (1992), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Alveolar-arterialPO2 difference ; Pulmonary gas exchange ; VO2max ; Hypoxia ; Hyperoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary These experiments examined the exercise-induced changes in pulmonary gas exchange in elite endurance athletes and tested the hypothesis that an inadequate hyperventilatory response might explain the large intersubject variability in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P a02) during heavy exercise in this population. Twelve highly trained endurance cyclists [maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) range = 65-77 ml·kg−1·min−1] performed a normoxic graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer toVO2max at sea level. During incremental exercise atVO2max 5 of the 12 subjects had ideal alveolar to arterial P02 gradients (P A-aO2) of above 5 kPa (range 5-5.7) and a decline from restingP aO2 (ΔP aO2) 2.4 kPa or above (range 2.4-2.7). In contrast, 4 subjects had a maximal exercise (P A-aO2) of 4.0-4.3 kPa with ΔP aO2 of 0.4-1.3 kPa while the remaining 3 subjects hadP A-aO2 of 4.3-5 kPa with ΔP aO2 between 1.7 and 2.0 kPa. The correlation between PAO2 andP aO2 atVO2max was 0.17. Further, the correlation between the ratio of ventilation to oxygen consumption VSP aO2 and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide VSP aO2 atVO2max was 0.17 and 0.34, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that heavy exercise results in significantly compromised pulmonary gas exchange in approximately 40% of the elite endurance athletes studied. These data do not support the hypothesis that the principal mechanism to explain this gas exchange failure is an inadequate hyperventilatory response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this investigation was to examine critically the validity of a computerized quantitative microphotometric histochemical technique for the determination of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in skeletal muscle fibres. Sections from the anterior costal diaphragm were removed from Fischer-344 rats (n = 12) and assayed histochemically to determine SDH activity. The SDH activity in individual muscle fibres was computed using a computerized microphotometric histochemical technique which involves measurement of the optical density of deposited diformazan derived from nitroblue tetrazolium within the fibres. To validate the histochemical technique, whole muscle SDH activities were calculated from the histochemical procedure and were compared to SDH activities determined from whole muscle homogenates via a standard quantitative biochemical assay. The mean within-day variability of the computerized microphotometric histochemical technique of determining SDH activity was 6% (range = 0.5–10.9%) for an area containing ~50 fibres and 6.1% (range = 1.05–14.9%) for an individual muscle fibre. Similarly, the mean between-day variability of the microphotometric histochemical technique of determining SDH activity was 5.9% (range = 2.6–13.9%) for an area containing ~50 fibres and 6.6% (range = 2.2–13.9%) for an individual muscle fibre. The inter-class correlation coefficient between biochemically determined SDH activity and histochemically determined SDH activity was r = 0.83 (p 〈 0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate that the quantitative histochemical technique of Blanco et al. (1988) is both valid and reliable in the determination of SDH activity in skeletal muscle fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Fatigue ; Antioxidant enzymes ; Non-protein thiols ; Lipid peroxidation ; Oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endurance exercise training promotes a small but significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in the costal diaphragm (DIA) of rodents. It is unclear if these training-induced improvements in muscle antioxidant capacity are large enough to reduce oxidative stress during prolonged contractile activity. To test the hypothesis that training-related increases in DIA antioxidant capacity reduces contraction-induced lipid peroxidation, we exercise trained adult female Sprague-Dawley (n = 7) rats on a motor-driven treadmill for 12 weeks at ≈ 75% maximal O2 consumption (90 min/day). Control animals (n = 8) remained sedentary during the same 12-week period. After training, DIA strips from animals in both experimental groups were excised and subjected to an in vitro fatigue contractile protocol in which the muscle was stimulated for 60 min at a frequency of 30 Hz, every 2 s, with a train duration of 330 m. Compared to the controls, endurance training resulted in an increase (P 〈 0.05) in diaphragmatic non-protein thiols and in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Following the contractile protocol, lipid peroxidation was significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) in the trained DIA compared to the controls. These data support the hypothesis that endurance exercise training-induced increases in DIA antioxidant capacity protect the muscle against contractile-related oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Diaphragm ; Oxidative stress ; Fatigue ; Lipid peroxidation ; Antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract These experiments tested the hypothesis that short-term endurance exercise training would rapidly improve (within 5 days) the diaphragm oxidative/antioxidant capacity and protect the diaphragm against contraction-induced oxidative stress. To test this postulate, male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old) ran on a motorized treadmill for 5 consecutive days (40–60 min · day−1) at approximately 65% maximal oxygen uptake. Costal diaphragm strips were excised from both sedentary control (CON, n=14) and trained (TR, n=13) animals 24 h after the last exercise session, for measurement of in vitro contraction properties and selected biochemical parameters of oxidative/antioxidant capacity. Training did not alter diaphragm force-frequency characteristics over a full range of submaximal and maximal stimulation frequencies (P 〉 0.05). In contrast, training improved diaphragm resistance to fatigue as contraction forces were better-maintained by the diaphragms of the TR animals during a submaximal 60-min fatigue protocol (P 〈 0.05). Following the fatigue protocol, diaphragm strips from the TR animals contained 30% lower concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides compared to CON (P 〈 0.05). Biochemical analysis revealed that exercise training increased diaphragm oxidative and antioxidant capacity (citrate synthase activity +18%, catalase activity +24%, total superoxide dismutase activity +20%, glutathione concentration +10%) (P 〈 0.05). These data indicate that short-term exercise training can rapidly elevate oxidative capacity as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the diaphragm. Furthermore, this up-regulation in antioxidant defenses would be accompanied by a reduction in contraction-induced lipid peroxidation and an increased fatigue resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Plasma volume ; Fluid replacement ; Prolonged exercise ; Hypovolemia ; Hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have demonstrated that consumption of a glucose polymer-electrolyte (GP-E) beverage is superior to water in minimizing exercise-induced decreases in plasma volume (PV). We tested the hypothesis that elevated plasma concentrations of vasopressin and/or aldosterone above that seen with water ingestion may explain this observation. Six trained cyclists performed 115 min of constant-load exercise (approximately 65% of maximal oxygen consumption) on a cycle ergometer on two occasions with 7 days separating experiments. Ambient conditions were maintained relatively constant for both exercise tests (29–30° C; 58–66% relative humidity). During each experiment, subjects consumed 400 ml of one of the following beverages 20 min prior to exercise and 275 ml immediately prior to and every 15 min during exercise: (1) distilled water or (2) GP-E drink contents = 7% carbohydrate (glucose polymers and fructose; 9 mmol·1−1 sodium; 5 mmol·1−1 potassium; osmolality 250 mosmol·1−1). No significant difference (P〉0.05) existed in mean skin temperature, rectal temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production or the respiratory exchange ratio between treatments. Further, no significant differences existed in plasma osmolality and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride or magnesium between treatments. Plasma volume was better maintained (P〈0.05) in the GP-E trial at 90 and 120 min of exercise when compared to the water treatment. No differences existed in plasma levels of vasopressin or aldosterone between treatments at any measurement period. Further, the correlation coefficients between plasma concentrations of vasopressin and aldosterone and change in PV during exercise were 0.42 (P〈0.05) and 0.16 (P〉0.05), respectively. Therefore, although these experiments support the notion that a GP-E beverage is superior to water in minimizing exercise-induced disturbances in PV during prolonged exercise, the mechanism to explain this observation is not due to differences in plasma concentrations of vasopressin or aldosterone alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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