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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Prostataspezifisches Antigen ; Transrektaler Ultraschall ; Artifizielle Neuronale Netzwerkanalyse ; Key words Prostate specific antigen ; Transrectal ultrasound ; Artificial neural network analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract As a result of the enhanced clinical application of prostate specific antigen (PSA), an increasing number of men are becoming candidates for prostate cancer work-up. A high PSA value over 20 ng/ml is a good indicator of the presence of prostate cancer, but within the range of 4–10 ng/ml, it is rather unreliable. Even more alarming is the fact that prostate cancer has been found in 12–37% of patients with a “normal” PSA value of under 4 ng/ml (Hybritech). While PSA is capable of indicating a statistical risk of prostate cancer in a defined patient population, it is not able to localize cancer within the prostate gland or guide a biopsy needle to a suspicious area. This necessitates an additional effective diagnostic technique that is able to localize or rule out a malignant growth within the prostate. The methods available for the detection of these prostate cancers are digital rectal examination (DRE) and Transrectal ultasound (TRUS). DRE is not suitable for early detection, as about 70% of the palpable malignancies have already spread beyond the prostate. The classic problem of visual interpretation of TRUS images is that hypoechoic areas suspicious for cancer may be either normal or cancerous histologically. Moreover, about 25% of all cancers have been found to be isoechoic and therefore not distinguishable from normal-appearing areas. None of the current biobsy or imaging techniques are able to cope with this dilemma. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are complex nonlinear computational models, designed much like the neuronal organization of a brain. These networks are able to model complicated biologic relationships without making assumptions based on conventional statistical distributions. Applications in Medicine and Urology have been promising. One example of such an application will be discussed in detail: A new method of Artificial Neural Network Analysis (ANNA) was employed in an attempt to obtain existing subvisual information, other than the gray scale, from conventional TRUS and to improve the accuracy of prostate cancer identification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das prostataspezifische Antigen (PSA) ist heutzutage der meistgenutzte Marker in der Diagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms. Hieraus resultiert eine vermehrte Anzahl von asymptomatischen Männern, die allein durch eine PSA-Werterhöhung Kandidaten für eine weiterführende Prostatadiagnostik werden. Ein deutlich erhöhter PSA-Serumwert (〉20 ng/ml) lässt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auf das Vorhandensein eines Prostatakarzinoms schließen. Im sog. Graubereich zwischen 4 und 10 ng/ml ist der Gewebemarker PSA meist durch gutartige Veränderungen beeinflusst, so dass eine Unterscheidung zwischen maligner und benigner Ursache aufgrund des PSA-Wertes allein nicht möglich ist [1–4]. Darüber hinaus findet man Karzinome bei Patienten, die ein PSA unter dem Normwert von 4 ng/ml aufweisen. Die Methoden, die bislang für die Früherkennung oder Erkennung des Prostatakarzinoms zur Verfügung standen (Tastbefund und Ultraschall) sind unzureichend. So sind ca. 70% der palpablen Tumoren nicht mehr organbegrenzt [5, 6]. Das klassische Problem der visuellen Ultraschallbeurteilung ist die mangelnde Spezifität, insbesondere bei geringer Erfahrung mit der Methode [7–11]. Um die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten des transrektalen Ultraschalls (TRUS) in der Prostatakarzinom-Früherkennung und -Stadieneinteilung zu erhöhen, wird in der hier vorgestellten Studie eine Artifizielle Neuronale Netzwerkanalyse (ANNA) eingesetzt, die zusätzliche subvisuelle, graustufendifferente Informationen des TRUS erfassen und auswerten kann [12–14]. Dieser Ansatz erscheint vielversprechend, da Artifizielle Neuronale Netzwerke die im Ultraschallbild vorhandenen komplexen Datenformationen erkennen können, sie gleichsam “lernen” und diese dann bei noch nicht gesehenen Datenformationen wiedererkennen und korrekt klassifizieren können [15].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1090-6533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electron-photon shower development in a lead plate-emulsion sandwich chamber with a total effective lead thickness of 3.5 radiation units was studied for an electron energy of 26 GeV. The experimental electron multiplication coefficient (P exp=19.4±1.4) agrees with a theoretical value (P calcd=20.4) calculated with corrections for the particle scattering and absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of theoretical physics 33 (1994), S. 617-670 
    ISSN: 1572-9575
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature commonly known as “cold fusion” (CF) with an emphasis on the latest experiments, as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 16 (1974), S. 591-593 
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Refractories and industrial ceramics 14 (1973), S. 509-512 
    ISSN: 1573-9139
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions In an investigation of the influence of the principal factors on the rate of slip casting quartz ceramics it was established that the density (porosity) of the deposited cast body is the main determining factor in the casting rate. The density of the body depends on the degree of stabilization, the pH, and the granularity of the slip suspension, and on the use of vibration. The casting rate may vary tenfold with the porosity of the casting. The factors which increase the density of the casting reduce the casting rate to the same extent, and vice versa. The casting rate is influenced, moreover, also by the water/plaster ratio of the mold and by the moisture content (density) of the slip suspension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8515
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8515
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Glass and ceramics 45 (1988), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 1573-8515
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Glass and ceramics 34 (1977), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 1573-8515
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fibre chemistry 28 (1996), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1573-8493
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Technology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a phosphorus-containing epoxy oligomer on the properties of an organoplastic fabricated by the pultrusion process was investigated. It was found that the material is difficultly inflammable, self-extinguishing, and is as good as the starting flammable organoplastic with respect to the level of the physicomechanical properties. The positive effect of additional heat treatment (155–250°C temperature range) of samples of the organoplastic on their physicomechanical properties was demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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