Abstract
We give an overview on existing software implementations of special mathematical functions (erf(x), erfe(x), Γ(x), Bessel-Functions,...) which can be found on the web. We discuss the quality of the numerical results and their usability in an interval setting. We also point out whether it is an easy or difficult task to find reliable routines with approved (relative or absolute) error bounds. We will show which additional steps have to be performed to get worst-case error bounds for such routines.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985, New York, 1985.
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A.: Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Nat. Bur. Standards, Appl. Math. Series 55), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1964.
Adams, E. and Kulisch, U.: Scientific Computing with Automatic Result Verification (Mathematics in Science and Engineering 189), Academic Press, 1993.
Agarwal, R. C. et al.: New Scalar and Vector Elementary Functions for the IBM System/370, IBM J. Res. Develop. 30(2) (1986).
Bantle, A. and Krämer, W.: Ein Kalkül für verläβliche absolute und relative Fehlerabschätzungen, Preprint 98/5 des IWRMM, Universität Karlsruhe, 1998.
Black, Ch. M., Burton, R. B., and Miller, T. H.: The Need for an Industry Standard of Accuracy for Elementary-Function Programs, ACM Trans. on Math. Software 10(4) (1984), pp. 361-366.
Blomquist, F. and Krämer, W.: Algorithmen mit garantierten Fehlerschranken für die Fehler-und die komplementäre Fehlerfunktion, Preprint 97/3 des IWRMM, Universität Karlsruhe, 1997, FTP://iamk4515.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de in the directory/pub/iwrmm/preprints.
Braune, K., Krämer, W.: Standard Functions for Intervals with Maximum Accuracy, in: 11th IMACS World Congress, Proceedings, Vol. 1, 1985, pp. 167-170.
Gal, S.: Computing Elementary Functions: A New Approach for Achieving High Accuracy and Good Performance, in: Accurate Scientific Computations (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 235), Springer, New York, 1986, pp. 1-16.
Gal, S. and Bachelis, B.: An Accurate Elementary Mathematical Library for the IEEE Floating Point Standard, IBM Technical Report 88.223, IBM Israel, Technion City, Haifa, Israel, 1988.
Hammer, R. et al.: C++ Toolbox for Verified Computing I, Springer, 1995.
High Accuracy Arithmetic—Extendend Scientific Computation (ACRITH-XSC). Reference Manual, IBM, SC 33-6462-00, 1990.
High Accuracy Arithmetic Subroutine Library (ACRITH). Program Description and User's Guide, IBM, SC 33-6164-02, 3rd Edition, 1986.
Higham, N.J: Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms, SIAM, 1996.
Hofschuster, W. and Krämer, W.: A Computer Oriented Approach to Get Sharp Reliable Error Bounds, Reliable Computing 3(3) (1997), pp. 239-248.
Hofschuster, W. and Krämer, W.: A Fast Public Domain Interval Library in ANSI-C, in: Proceedings zur IMACS'97 in Berlin, Volume 2, 1997, pp. 395-400.
Hofschuster, W. and Krämer, W.: Ein rechnergestützter Fehlerkalkül mit Anwendung auf ein genaues Tabellenverfahren, Preprint 96/5 des Instituts für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Mathematische Modellbildung (IWRMM), Universität Karlsruhe, 1996.
Hofschuster, W. and Krämer, W.: Fi_Lib, eine schnelle und portable Funktionsbibliothek für reelle Argumente und reelle Intervalle im IEEE-double-Format, Preprint 98/7 des IWRMM, Universität Karlsruhe, 227 Seiten, 1998.
Kearfott, B., Dawande, M., Du, K., and Hu, Ch.: INTLIB: A Portable Fortran-77 Elementary Function Library, Interval Computations 3 (1993), pp. 96-105.
Knüppel, O.: BIAS—Basic Interval Arithmetic Subroutines, TU Hamburg-Harburg, Bericht 93.3, 1993.
Krämer, W.: A Priori Worst Case Error Bounds for Floating-Point Computations, IEEE Transactions on Computers 47(7) (1998).
Krämer, W.: Berechnung der Gammafunktion für reelle Punkt-und Intervallargumente, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 70 (1990), pp. 581-584.
Krämer, W.: Computation of Verified Bounds for Elliptic Integrals, in: Herzberger, J. and Atanassova, L. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Arithmetic and Scientific Computation, Oldenburg 1991 (SCAN91), Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland).
Krämer, W.: Constructive Error Analysis, Journal of Universal Computer Science (JUCS) 4(2) (1998), pp. 147-163.
Krämer, W: Multiple-Precision Computations with Result Verification, in: Adams, E. and Kulisch, U. (eds), Scientific Computing with Automatic Result Verification, Academic Press, 1992, pp. 311-343.
Krämer, W.: Sichere und genaue Abschätzung des Approximationsfehlers bei rationalen Approximationen, Bericht 3/1996 des Instituts für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Karlsruhe, 1996.
Krämer, W. and Barth, B.: Computation of Interval Bounds for Weierstrass' Elliptic Function, Computing Suppl. 9 (1993), Springer Verlag, pp. 147-159.
Krämer, W., Kulisch, U., and Lohner, R.: Numerical Toolbox for Verified Computing II, Theory, Algorithms, and PASCAL-XSC Programs, Springer, Berlin, to appear.
Kulisch, U. and Miranker, W.: Computer Arithmetic in Theory and Practice, Academic Press, 1981.
Lefèvre, V., Muller, J. M., and Tisserand, A.: Towards Correctly Rounded Transcendentals, in: Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Symp. on Computer Arithmetic, Asilomar, California, 1997, pp. 132-137.
Lozier, D. W.: Software Needs in Special Functions, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 66 (1996), pp. 345-358.
Lozier, D. W. and Olver, F. W.: Numerical Evaluation of Special Functions, in: Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 48, 1994, pp. 79-125.
Luke, Y. L.: Mathematical Functions and Their Approximations, Academic Press, New York-San Francisco-London, 1975.
Luke, Y. L.: The Special Functions and Their Approximations, Volume II; Academic Press, New York-London, 1969.
Luther, W.: Highly Accurate Tables for Elementary Functions, BIT 35 (1995), pp. 352-360.
Luther, W. and Otten, W.: Computation of Standard Interval Functions in Multiple-Precision Interval Arithmetic, Interval Computations 4 (1994), pp. 78-99.
Luther, W. and Otten, W.: Reliable Computation of Elliptic Functions, Journal of Universal Computer Science (J.UCS) 4(1) (1998), pp. 25-33 (http://www.iicm.edu/jucs_4_1/reliable_computation_of_elliptic).
MacLeod, A. J.: Table-Based Tests for Bessel Function Software, Advances in Computational Mathematics 2 (1994), pp. 251-260.
Markstein, P.W.: Computation of Elementary Functions on the IBM RISC System/6000 Processor, IBM J. Res. Develop. 34(1) (1990).
Moshier, S. L. B.: Methods and Programs for Mathematical Functions, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, 1989.
Muller, J. M.: Elementary Functions: Algorithms and Implementation, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1997.
Oberhettinger, F.: Tabellen zur Fourier Transformation, Springer, Berlin, 1957.
Priest, D.: Fast Table-Driven Algorithms for Interval Functions, Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Symp. on Computer Arithmetic, Asilomar, California, 1997, pp. 168-174.
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T.: Numerical Recipes in Pascal—The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Schulte, M. J. and Stine, J.: Symmetric Bipartite Tables for Accurate Function Approximation, in: Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Symp. on Computer Arithmetic, Asilomar, California, 1997, pp. 175-183.
Schulte, M. J. and Swartzlander, E. E. Jr.: Design for Exactly Rounded Elementary Functions, IEEE Transactions on Computers C-44 (1994), pp. 964-973.
Schulte, M. J. and Swartzlander, E. E. Jr.: Exact Rounding of Certain Elemantary Functions, IEEE Transactions on Computers (1993), pp. 138-145.
Tang, P. T. P.: Table-Driven Implementation of the Expml Function in IEEE Floating-Point Arithmetic, ACM Trans. on Math. Software 18(2) (1992), pp. 211-222.
Tang, P. T. P.: Table-Driven Implementation of the Exponential Function in IEEE Floating-Point Arithmetic, ACM Trans. on Math. Software 15(2) (1989), pp. 144-157.
Tang, P. T. P.: Table-Driven Implementation of the Logarithm Function in IEEE Floating-Point Arithmetic, ACM Trans. on Math. Software 16(4) (1990), pp. 378-400.
Tang, P. T. P.: Table-Lookup Algorithms for Elementary Functions and Their Error Analysis, in: Proceedings of 10-th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic ARITH, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1991, pp. 232-236.
Thompson, W. J.: Atlas for Computing Mathematical Functions, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.
Werner, K.: Calculation of the Inverse Weierstraβ Function in an Arbitrary Machine Arithmetic, in: Alefeld, G., Frommer, A., and Lang, B. (eds), Scientific Computing and Validated Numerics, Proceedings of SCAN-95, Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
Zhang, S. and Jianming, J.: Computation of Special Functions, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Ziv, A.: Fast Evaluation of Elementary Mathematical Functions with Correctly Rounded Last Bit, ACM Trans. on Math. Software 17(3) (1991), pp 410-423.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hofschuster, W., Krämer, W. Mathematical Function Software on the Web—Are Such Codes Useful for Verification Algorithms?. Reliable Computing 6, 207–218 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009973407908
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009973407908