Skip to main content
Log in

Inborn errors of metabolism: Clues to understanding human behavioral disorders

  • Published:
Behavior Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Detailed behavioral and biochemical investigation of patients with inborn errors of metabolism, especially those intrinsic to the nervous system, may provide many clues to the genetic predisposition underlying human behavioral traits. Relatives of such patients and other individuals with homologous enzymatic lesions due to alleles specifying intermediate activity need to be studied as well. Among the metabolic disorders discussed selectively here, some masquerade as schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, or hyperactivity syndrome of childhood, providing examples of the striking heterogeneity to be found for these common behavioral disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Austin, J., Armstrong, D., Fouch, S., Mitchell, C., Stumpf, D., Shearer, L., and Briner, O. (1968). Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). VIII. MLD in adults; diagnosis and pathogenesis.Arch. Neurol. 18:225–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldessarini, R. J. (1975). Metabolic hypotheses in schizophrenia.New Engl. J. Med. 292:527–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, J. L., and Ford, R. (1970). Intelligence quotients and intelligence loss in patients with phenylketonuria and some variant states.J. Pediat. 77:764–770.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler, E., Baluda, M. D., Sturgeon, P., and Day, R. W. (1966). The genetics of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency.J. Lab. Clin. Med. 68:646–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaskovics, M. E., and Nelson, T. E. (1971). Phenylketonuria and its variations: A review of recent developments.Calif. Med. 115:42–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock, R. O., and Kolakowski, D. (1973). Further evidence of sex-linked major-gene influence on human spatial visualizing ability.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 25:1–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, R. O. (1972). Sphingolipidoses. In Albers, R. W., Siegel, G. J., Katzman, R., and Agranoff, B. W. (eds.),Basic Neurochemistry, Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 485–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P. (1972). Psychiatric illness in families of hyperactive children.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 27:414–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. T. W., Omenn, G. S., Motulsky, A. G., Chen, S.-H., and Giblett, E. R. (1973). Restricted variation in the glycolytic enzymes of human brain and erythrocytes,Nature New Biol. 241:229–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, C. K., Dunner, D. L., and Axelrod, J. (1970). Reduced catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in red blood cells of women with primary affective disorder,Science 170:1323–1324.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dancis, J., and Levitz, M. (1972). Abnormalities of branched-chain amino acid metabolism [hypervalinemia, branched-chain ketonuria (maple syrup urine disease), isovaleric acidemia]. In Wyngaarden, J. B., Stanbury, J. B., and Fredrickson, D. S. (eds.),The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 426–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, A. A., and Money, J. (1967). Progestin-induced hermaphroditism: IQ and psychosexual identity in a study of ten girls.J. Sex Res. 3:83–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. M., Finkelstein, J. D., and Mudd, S. H. (1975). Folate-responsive homocystinuria and “schizophrenia”.New Engl. J. Med. 292:491–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartler, S. M., Liskay, R. M., and Gant, N. (1973). Two functional X chromosomes in human fetal oocytes.Exp. Cell. Res. 82:464–466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, D. W., Schulsinger, F., Hermansen, L., Guze, S. B., and Winokur, G. (1973). Alcohol problems in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biological parents.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28:238–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalckar, H. M., Kinoshita, J. H., and Donnell, G. N. (1973). Galactosemia: Biochemistry, genetics, pathophysiology and developmental aspects. In Gaull, G. E. (ed.),Biology of Brain Dysfunction, Vol. 1, Plenum, New York, pp. 31–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, E. W. (1972). Phenylketonuria. In Stanbury, J. B., Wyngaarden, J. B., and Fredrickson, D. S. (eds.),The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 266–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, L. S., and Omenn, G. S. (1975). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. I. Family studies of IQ.Behav. Genet. 5:165–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, L. S., Ryan, K. O., and Omenn, G. S. (1975). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. II. Cognitive and behavioral studies.Behav. Genet. 5:175–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKusick, V. A. (1972).Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue, 4th ed., Mosby, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKusick, V. A. (1975).Mendelian Inheritance in Man: Catalogs of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive and X-linked Phenotypes, 4th ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J. (1963). Cytogenetic and psychosexual incongruities with a note on space-form blindness.Am. J. Psychol. 119:820–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J., and Lewis, V. (1966). IQ, genetics and accelerated growth: adrenogenital syndrome.Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 118:365–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. R., and Stewart, M. A. (1971). A family study of the hyperactive child syndrome.Biol. Psychiat. 3:189–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. R., and Stewart, M. A. (1973). The psychiatric status of the legal families of adopted hyperactive children.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28:888–891.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L., and Weiss, R. (1972). Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from bipolar depressed patients.Am. J. Psychol. 128:1351–1357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, H. L., Inouye, T., and Hsia, D. Y. Y. (1969). Classical galactosemia: a study of 55 cases. In Hsia, D. Y. Y. (ed.),Galactosemia, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill., pp. 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld, E. F., and Barton, R. W. (1973). Genetic disorders of mucopolysaccharide metabolism. In Gaull, G. E. (ed.),Biology of Brain Dysfunction, Vol. 1. Plenum, New York, pp. 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyhan, W. L. (1972). Behavioral phenotypes in organic genetic disease.Pediat. Res. 6:1–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyhan, W. L. (1973). Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism. In Gaull, G. E. (ed.),Biology of Brain Dysfunction, Vol. 1, Plenum, New York, pp. 265–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyhan, W. L. (ed.) (1974).Heritable Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism: Patterns of Clinical Expression and Genetic Variation, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omenn, G. S., and Motulsky, A. G. (1972). Biochemical genetics and the evolution of human behavior. In Ehrman, L., Omenn, G. S., and Caspari, E. (eds.),Genetics, Environment, and Behavior: Implications for Educational Policy, Academic Press, New York, pp. 129–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine, R. S. (1957). The variability in manifestations of untreated patients with phenylketonuria (phenylpyruvic aciduria).Pediatrics 20:290–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, T. L., Urquhart, N., McClean, J., Evans, M. E., Hansen, S., Davidson, A. G. F., Applegarth, D. A., MacLeod, P. J., and Lock, J. E. (1975). Glycine accumulation in brain in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.New Engl. J. Med. 292:1269–1273.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Refsum, S. (1946). Heredopathia atatica polyneuritiformis.Acta Psychiat. Scand. Suppl. 38:9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, M., Youdim, M. B. H., and Hanington, E. (1974). A phenylethylamine oxidizing defect in migraine.Nature 250:335–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A. (1972). Family history and half-sibling research in alcoholism. In Seixas, F. A., Omenn, G. S., Burk, E. D., and Eggieston, S. A. (eds.),Nature and Nurture in Alcoholism, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 197:121–124.

  • Scriver, C. R., and Rosenberg, L. E. (1973).Amino Acid Metabolism and Its Disorders, Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scriver, C. R., Whelan, D. T., Clow, D. L., and Dallaire, L. (1970). Cystinuria: Increased prevalence in patients with mental disease.New Engl. J. Med. 283:783–786.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silberberg, D. H. (1969). Maple syrup urine disease metabolited in cerebellum cultures.J. Neurochem. 16:1141–1146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E., and Cowie, V. (1971).The Genetics of Mental Disorders, Oxford University Press, London, p. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I., Clayton, B. E., and Wolff, O. H. (1975). New variant of phenylketonuria with progressive neurological illness unresponsive to phenylalanine restriction.Lancet 1:1108–1111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanbury, J. B., Wyngaarden, J. B., and Fredrickson, D. S. (eds.) (1972).The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strand, L. J., Felsher, B. W., Redeker, A. G., and Marver, H. D. (1970). Enzymatic abnormalities in heme biosynthesis in intermittent acute porphyria: Decreased hepatic conversion of porphotilinogen to porphyrins and increased delta-amino acid synthetase activity.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67:1315–1319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum, R., and Axelrod, J. (1971). Serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase.Circ. Res. 28:307–315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum, R. M., Raymond, F. A., Elveback, L. R., and Weidman, W. H. (1974). Correlation of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity between siblings.Nature 252:490–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum, R. M., Schrott, H. G., Raymond, F. A., Weidman, W. H., and Elveback, L. R. (1975). Inheritance of very low serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 27:573–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, C. D., and Stein, L. (1973). Dopamine-β-hydroxylase deficits in the brains of schizophrenic patients.Science 181:344–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S., and MacLeod, P. M. (1974). Serum alpha-fucosidase deficiency: A new polymorphism in man?Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26:94A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. W., and Tarjan, G. (1957). Phenylketonuria.A. M. A. J. Dis. Child. 93:405–419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Supported by GM15253 and Research Career Development Award GM43122.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Omenn, G.S. Inborn errors of metabolism: Clues to understanding human behavioral disorders. Behav Genet 6, 263–284 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065723

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065723

Key words

Navigation