Abstract
The saturated liquid viscosity of ammonia (NH3) and of the hydrofluorocarbons, difluoromethane (CH2F2, R32) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3–CH2F, R134a), was measured in a sealed gravitational viscometer with a straight vertical capillary. The combined temperature range was from 250 to 350 K. The estimated uncertainty of the ammonia measurements is ±3.3 and ±2 to 2.4% for the hydrofluorocarbons with a coverage factor of two. The results are compared with literature data which have been measured with capillary viscometers of different design. Agreement within the combined experimental uncertainty is achieved when some of the literature data sets are corrected for the vapor buoyancy effect and when a revised radial acceleration correction is applied to data which were obtained in viscometers with coiled capillaries. An improved correction for the radial acceleration is proposed. It is necessary to extend inter-national viscometry standards to sealed gravitational capillary instruments because the apparent inconsistencies between refrigerant viscosity data from different laboratories cannot be explained by contaminated samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
M. Kawata, K. Kurase, A. Nagashima, and K. Yoshida, in Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids, W. A. Wakeham, A. Nagashima, and J. V. Sengers, eds. (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1991), p. 49.
H. R. van den Berg, Precisiemetingen aan de Viscositeitscoefficient van Krypton en de logarithmische Term in de Dichtheidsontwikkeling, Ph.D. thesis (Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1979).
H. R. van den Berg and N. J. Trappeniers, Proc. 8th Symp. Thermophys. Prop. (ASME, 1982), p. 172.
T. Okubo, T. Hasuo, and A. Nagashima, Int. J. Thermophys. 13:931 (1992).
H. Bauer and G. Meerlender, Rheol. Acta 23:514 (1984).
T. W. Phillips and K. P. Murphy, J. Chem. Eng. Data 15:304 (1970).
D. Ripple, Rev. Sci. Instr. 63:3153 (1992).
V. Z. Geller, M. E. Paulaitis, D. B. Bivens, and A. Yokozeki, Int. J. Thermophys. 17:75 (1996).
I. R. Shankland, R. S. Basu, and D. P. Wilson, Proceedings, Status of the CFCs—Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant Properties. Meeting of HR Commissions B1, B2, E1, E2 (International Institute of Refrigeration, West Lafayette, IN, 1988), p. 305.
D. Ripple and O. Matar, J. Chem. Eng. Data 38:560 (1993).
A. Laesecke and D. R. Defibaugh, J. Chem. Eng. Data 41:59 (1996).
D. Ripple and D. Defibaugh, J. Chem. Eng. Data 42:360 (1997).
A. Laesecke and R. F. Hafer, J. Chem. Eng. Data 43:84 (1998).
M. J. Assael and S. K. Polimatidou, J. Thermophys. 18:353 (1997).
M. T. Barão, C. A. Nieto de Castro, and U. V. Mardolcar, Int. J. Thermophys. 18:419 (1997).
C. M. B. P. Oliveira and W. A. Wakeham, High Temp. High Press. 27/28:91 (1995/1996).
G. D. Wedlake, J. H. Vera, and G. A. Rateliff, Rev. Sci. Instr. 50:93 (1979).
B. Kaiser, A. Laesecke, and M. Stelbrink, Int. J. Thermophys. 12:289 (1991).
R. C. Hardy, NBS Viscometer Calibrating Liquids and Capillary Tube Viscometers, NBS Monograph 55 (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1962).
J. Kestin, M. Sokolov, and W. Wakeham, Appl. Sci. Res. 27:241 (1973).
M. R. Cannon, R. E. Manning, and J. D. Bell, Anal. Chem. 32:355 (1960).
J. J. Jasper, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1:841 (1972).
R. D. Goodwin, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18:1565 (1989).
R. Tillner-Roth, F. Harms-Watzenberg, and H. D. Baehr, Proc., DKV-Jahrestagung Nürnberg (DKV, Stuttgart, Germany, 1993), Vol. II.1, p. 167.
R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23:657 (1994).
R. Tillner-Roth and A. Yokozeki, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26:1273 (1997).
F. A. Gonçalves, J. Kestin, and J. V. Sengers, Int. J. Thermophys. 12:1013 (1991).
A.-M. Lanzilotto, T.-S. Leu, M. Amabile, R. Wildes, and J. Dunsmuir, An Investigation of Microstructure and Microdynamics of Fluid Flow in MEMS (ASME, New York, 1996), p. 789.
B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Tech. Note 1297 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, DC, 1994).
A. Fenghour, W. A. Wakeham, V. Vesovic, J. T. R. Watson, J. Millat, and E. Vogel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24:1649 (1996).
S. A. Klein, M. O. McLinden, and A. Laesecke, Int. J. Refrig. 20:208 (1997).
D. B. Bivens, A. Yokozeki, V. Z. Geller, and M. E. Paulaitis, Proceedings, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference (ASHRAE, Gaithersburg, MD, 1993), p. 73.
M. J. Assael, J. H. Dymond, and S. K. Polimatidou, Int. J. Thermophys. 15:591 (1994).
A. J. Grebenkov, V. P. Zhelezny, P. M. Klepatsky, O. V. Beljajeva, Y. A. Chernjak, Y. G. Kotelevsky, and B. D. Timofejev, Int. J. Thermophys. 17:535 (1996).
R. Heide and J. Schenk, Bestimmung der Transportgrößen von HFKW, Heft 1 Viskosität und Oberflächenspannung (Forschungsrat Kältetechnik e. V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1996).
C. M. B. P. Oliveira and W. A. Wakeham, Int. J. Thermophys. 14:1131 (1993).
L.-Q. Sun, M.-S. Zhu, L.-Z. Han, and Z-Z. Lin, J. Chem. Eng. Data 41:292 (1996).
A. Kumagai and S. Takahashi, Int. J. Thermophys. 12:105 (1991).
V. V. Altunin, V. Z. Geller, E. K. Petrov, D. C. Rasskazov, and G. A. Spirdonov, Thermophysical Properties of Freons, Methane Series part 1, Vol. 8 (National Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR, 1987).
L.-Z. Han, M.-S. Zhu, S.-Y. Li, and D. Luo, J. Chem. Eng. Data 40:650 (1995).
N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases. Pure Substances and Mixtures (Begell House, New York and Wallingford, UK, 1996).
W. R. Dean, Phil. Mag. 4:208 (1927).
W. R. Dean, Phil. Mag. 5:673 (1928).
C. M. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 123:645 (1929).
H. Schlichting, Grenzschicht-Theorie (Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1965).
D. J. McConalogue and R. S. Srivastava, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 307:37 (1968).
A. Bottaro, J. Fluid Mech. 251:627 (1993).
J. R. Partington, An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry (Longmans, Green, London, 1949), p. 876.
R. A. Dawe, Rev. Sci. Instr. 44:1231 (1973).
R. A. Dawe, The Viscosity of Simple Gases, Ph.D. thesis (St. Catherine's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 1968).
D. N. Ku, in Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics (Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, 1997), p. 399.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laesecke, A., Lüddecke, T.O.D., Hafer, R.F. et al. Viscosity Measurements of Ammonia, R32, and R134a. Vapor Buoyancy and Radial Acceleration in Capillary Viscometers. International Journal of Thermophysics 20, 401–434 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022644718603
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022644718603