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A note on factor substitution in industrial production processes

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Summary

An industrial production process turns out a single product, the inputs being raw material, machine services, labour, and power. The machine is operated by one worker. The rate of output can be increased by speeding up the machine. Since this requires not only more raw material per hour but also more power as well as harder work and increased wear and tear, it has been argued that partial factor variation, and thus also factor substitution, is impossible. It is shown by a mathematical model that, if labour and machine service are measured in hours of effective operation per period, the case is actually characterized by substitution between this factor complex and power input, with raw material as a limitational “shadow factor”.

Zusammenfassung

In einem industriellen Produktionsprozeß werde ein Produkt aus einem Werkstoff unter Verwendung einer von einem Arbeiter bedienten Maschine hergestellt. Durch eine Erhöhung der Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit der Maschine kommt ein höherer Ausstoß zustande. Dies erfordert nicht nur erhöhte Material- und Treibstoffmengen, sondern auch zusätzlichen Arbeitseinsatz und größere Maschinenbeansprunchung (Verschleiß, Reparatur), was dem Anschein nach bedeutet, daß der Grenzertrag jedes einzelnen Faktors Null ist, so daß Faktorsubstitution ausgeschlossen ist. Diese Schlußfolgerung erweist sich jedoch als irrig. In einem mathematischen Modell des Prozesses sind Arbeits- und Maschinenstunden sowie Treibstoff substitutionale Faktoren; nur Rohstoff ist ein limitationaler „Schattenfaktor“.

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Literaturverzeichnis

  1. Erich Gutenberg,Grundlagen der Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Erster Band: Die Produktion. 8./9. Auflage, Berlin 1963, Springer-Verlag, pp. 210–217.

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  2. Cf., e.g.,G. Lassmann,Die Produktionsfunktion. Köln und Opladen 1958, Westdeutscher Verlag.

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  3. Cf., for example,Erich Schneider,Theorie der Produktion. Wien 1934, Julius Springer, p. 3.

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  4. The technological basis of the model is similar to that underlying the empirical example inErich Schneider,Einführung in die Wirtschaftstheorie, II. Teil. 5. Auflage, Tübingen 1958, Mohr, pp. 170 and 189ff. The function relating power consumption to output per hour—cf.f(z) above and its inverse, ϕ—inSchneider's model conforms exactly to the familiar picture of the law of variable proportions so that partial variation of the power input gives a good example of theErtragsgesetz.

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  5. Incidentally, the cost function derived from the production function (3) by cost minimization for parametricx may be expected to have the shape of Fig. 17 inSchneider'sTheorie der Produktion (p. 49) and Fig. 39b in hisEinführung (II. Teil, p. 103). Since the model is homogeneous of degree one, all inputs will expand proportionally to output—i.e., marginal cost will be constant, assuming constant factor prices—up to the point of full capacity utilization wherev 1 =v 2 =T; further expansion can be brought about only by increasingv 3 (andv 4) so that marginal cost will be increasing, following the pattern of theErtragsgesetz.

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Vorgel. v.:M. Beckmann

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Danø, S. A note on factor substitution in industrial production processes. Unternehmensforschung Operations Research 9, 164–168 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01920995

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