Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The clearance of urea and sucrose from isotonic and hypertonic fluids perfused through the ventriculo-cisternal system

  • Published:
Experimental Brain Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The ventriculo-cisternal perfusion technique was utilized in anaesthetized goats to investigate the clearance of urea and sucrose from isotonic and hypertonic perfusion fluids. Diffusional outflux coefficients of 0.114±0.015 (SEM) and 0.030±0.003 ml/min were found for urea and sucrose, respectively, in the isotonic (control) perfusions; these coefficients increased by 40% and 83%, respectively, in the hypertonic (0.40 osmolal) perfusions. Changes in ventricular hydrostatic pressure were not of sufficient magnitude, and changes in fluid accretion (osmotic flow from brain to ventricular fluid) were not in the right direction, to explain the enhanced clearance of nonelectrolytes in the experimental perfusions. The outflux coefficient data, together with previously reported osmometric data, support the hypothesis that the increased clearance of urea and sucrose from the hypertonic perfusion fluids is primarily the result of expansion of intercellular channels (due to cell shrinkage) between ependymal and parenchymal cells.

Some of the factors affecting indicator clearance from isotonic perfusion fluid (e.g. perfusion rate, unilateral vs. bilateral ventriculo-cisternal perfusion, anesthetic, and anatomical barriers) have been further evaluated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agnew, W.F.: Effects of plasma tonicity on the distribution of water and solutes in brain and muscle. Exp. Neurol. 13, 58–70 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, P.J.: Physiological properties of the isolated frog bladder in hyperosmotic solutions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 12, 233–239 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bering, E.A., Jr., Sato O.: Hydrocephalus: Changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. J. Neurosurg. 20, 1050–1063 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, M.W.B., Bagdoyan, H., Berberian, A., Kleeman, C.R.: Effect of osmolarity on cell water and electrolytes in the isolated frog brain. Amer. J. Physiol. 215, 730–735 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, M.W.B., Davson, H.: The transport of urea, creatinine and certain monosaccharides between blood and fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricular system of rabbits. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 170, 195–211 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, M.W., Reese, T.S.: Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain. J. Cell Biol. 40, 648–677 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, M.C., Hurt, H.D., Eaton, H.D., Rousseau, J.E., Jr., Hall, R.C., Jr.: Rates of formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in bovine hypovitaminosis A. J. Dairy Sci. 50, 1486–1494 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, M.C., Hurt, H.D., Eaton, H.D., Rousseau, J.E., Jr., Hall, R.C., Jr.: Osmotic flow during ventriculocisternal perfusion of vitamin A deficient calves. J. Dairy Sci. 51, 1781–1786 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cserr, H.: Potassium exchange between cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and brain. Amer. J. Physiol. 209, 1219–1226 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Curl, F.D., Pollay, M.: Transport of water and electrolytes between brain and ventricular fluid in the rabbit. Exp. Neurol. 20, 558–574 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, J., Ginzburg, B.Z.: The permeability of the cell membranes of Nitella translucens to urea, and the effect of high concentrations of sucrose on this permeability. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 79, 112–121 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davson, H., Kleeman, C.R., Levin, E.: Quantitative studies of the passage of different substances out of the cerebrospinal fluid. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 161, 126–142 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davson, H., Pollay, M.: The turnover of 24Na in the cerebrospinal fluid and its bearing on the blood-brain barrier. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 167, 247–255 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, J.M.: Non-linear osmosis. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 183, 58–82 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Domer, F.R., Hiatt, R.A.: Effects of quaternary ammonium compounds on the movement of potassium out of the cerebrospinal fluid. Arch. int. Pharmaeodyn. 173, 306–315 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Fleischhauer, K.: Penetration of bromophenol blue from the perfused cerebral ventricles into the brain tissue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 150, 451–462 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenstermacher, J.D.: Studies of transport between csf, brain and blood by ventriculocisternal perfusion. The Proceedings of a Symposium on the Blood-Brain Barrier, pp. 49–58. Oxford: Truex Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, R.K., Woodbury, D.M.: Penetration of 14C-inulin and 24C-sucrose into brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and skeletal muscle of developing rats. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 181–194 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, R.A.: Factors influencing the exchange of sodium between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J. clin. Invest. 38, 1698–1708 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, T.J., Van Bruggen, J.T.: A possible mechanism of action of DMSO. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 141, 302–309 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heisey, S.R., Held, D., Pappenheimer, J.R.: Bulk flow and diffusion in the cerebrospinal fluid system of the goat. Amer. J. Physiol. 203, 775–781 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L.W.: Peritoneal ultrafiltration dialysis: enhanced urea transfer using hypertonic peritoneal dialysis fluid. J. clin. Invest. 45, 950–955 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochwald, G.M., Wallenstein, M.: Exchange of albumin between blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain in the cat. Amer. J. Physiol. 212, 1199–1204 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.A., Cavert, H.M., Lifson, N., Visscher, M.B.: Permeability of the bladder to water studied by means of isotops. Amer. J. physiol. 165, 87–92 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, V.A., Fenstermacher, J.D., Patlak, C.S.: Sucrose and inulin space measurements of cerebral cortex in four mammalian species. Amer. J. Physiol. 219, 1528–1533 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo, A.V., Hammerstad, J.P., Cutler, R.W.P.: The effect of anaesthetic agents on the cerebrospinal fluid clearance of 35S-sulphate and 125I-iodide. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 1279–1283 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Milhorat, T.H.: Hydrocephalus and the cerebrospinal fluid, pp. 237. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Morain, W.D., Replogle, C.A., Curran, P.F.: Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on permeability and electrical properties of frog skin. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 154, 298–302 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappenheimer, J.R., Heisey, S.R., Jordan, E.F.: Active transport of Diodrast and phenolsulfonphthalein from cerebrospinal fluid to blood. Amer. J. Physiol. 200, 1–10 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappenheimer, J.R., Heisey, S.R., Jordan, E.F., Downer, J. deC.: Perfusion of the cerebral ventricular system in unanesthetized goats. Amer. J. Physiol. 203, 763–774 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, E.C., Jr., Lambertsen, C.J., Deutsch, S., Chase, P.E., Linde, H.W., Dripps, R.D., Price, H.L.: Cerebral circulation and metabolism during thiopental anesthesia and hyperventilation in man. J. clin. Invest. 41, 1664–1671 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollay, M., Kaplan, R.J.: Diffusion of non-electrolytes in brain tissue. Brain Res. 17, 407–416 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rall, D.P.: Transport through the ependymal linings. In: Progress in Brain Research, (vol. 29): Brain Barrier Systems, pp. 159–172. Ed. by A. Lajtha and D.H. Ford. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co. 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Rall, D.P., Oppelt, W.W., Patlak, C.S.: Extracellular space of brain as determined by diffusion of inulin from the ventricular system. Life Sci. 1, 43–48 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, S.I.: Effect of concentrated solutions on blood-brain barrier. Amer. J. Physiol. 219, 270–274 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, S.I., Hori, M., Klatzo, I.: Reversible osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Science, N. Y. 173, 1026–1028 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, D.J., Woodbury, D.M.: Effect of hypertonic urea on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and brain volume. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 164, 252–264 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, G.T., Sha'afi, R.I., Romualdez, A., Solomon, A.K.: Effect of osmolality on the hydraulic permeability coefficient of red cells. J. gen. Physiol. 52, 941–954 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schantz, E.J., Lauffer, M.A.: Diffusion measurements in agar gel. Biochemistry, N.Y. 1, 658–663 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A.M.: Hyperosmotic effects on brain uptake of nonelectrolytes. In: Alfred Benzon Symposium II: Capillary Permeability, pp. 459–467. Ed. by C. Crone and N. A. Lassen. New York: Academic Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Urakabe, S., Handler, J.S., Orloff, J.: Effect of hypertonicity on permeability properties of the toad bladder. Amer. J. Physiol. 218, 1179–1187 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, J.L., Marshall, E.K., Jr.: Permeability of the urinary bladder to urea and sodium chloride. Amer. J. Physiol. 70, 607–612 (1924)

    Google Scholar 

  • Voetmann, E.: On the structure and surface area of the human choroid plexuses. Acta anat. (Basel) 8, Suppl. 10, 1–116 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, K., Sadler, K.: Permeability of the choroid plexus of the rabbit to several solutes. Amer. J. Physiol. 210, 652–660 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, K., Sadler, K., Gold, G.: Volume flow across choroidal ependyma of the rabbit. Amer. J. Physiol. 210, 232–236 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, E.M., Prather, J.W.: The permeability of the frog choroid plexus to nonelectrolytes. J. Membrane Biol. 2, 127–149 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zadunaisky, J.A., Wald, F., DeRobertis, E.D.P.: Osmotic behavior and glial changes in isolated frog brains. In: Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 15, pp. 196–218. Ed. by E.D.P. DeRobertis and R. Carrea. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co. 1965

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. C. E. Johanson

    Present address: Department of Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, USA

    C. E. Johanson, F. M. Foltz & A. M. Thompson

  2. Department of Pharmacology, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah

    F. M. Foltz

Authors
  1. C. E. Johanson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. M. Foltz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. M. Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

This study, which represents part of a doctoral thesis submitted to the University of Kansas, was supported in part by United States Public Health Service Grants 2 RO1 NS07059 and 5 SO1 RR05373. The fine technical assistance of E. Hart is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank Dr. J. Trank, Dr. D. Reed and Dr. E. Fingl for valuable consultation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Johanson, C.E., Foltz, F.M. & Thompson, A.M. The clearance of urea and sucrose from isotonic and hypertonic fluids perfused through the ventriculo-cisternal system. Exp Brain Res 20, 18–31 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239015

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239015

Key words

Search

Navigation