Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

CCC-Induced increase of gibberellin levels in pea seedlings

  • Published:
Planta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Pea seedlings (cv. Alaska), were treated with two concentrations of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and choline chloride. Treatment with 1 mg/l CCC resulted in as much as a 150fold increase in endogenous gibberellin (GA) levels without there being any parallel stimulation of growth. Plants grown in 1,000 mg/l CCC were severely dwarfed but contained GA levels not significantly different from control plants grown in distilled water. CCC also retarded GA3-induced growth of pea seedlings. These effects appear to be CCC specific as the CCC analogue choline chloride affected neither the GA content of pea seedlings nor their response to GA3. The lack of correlation between endogenous GA levels and stem height suggests that in peas the predominant factor in CCC-induced inhibition of stem growth is not related to an effect of CCC on GA biosynthesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adepipe, N. O., Ormond, D. P., Maurer, A. R.: Response of peas to soil and folier application of cycocel [(2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride]. Canad. J. Plant Sci. 48, 323–325 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. D., Moore, T. C.: Biosynthesis of (-)-kaurene in cell free extracts of immature pea seeds. Plant Physiol. 42, 1527–1534 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldev, B., Lang, A., Agatep, A.: Gibberellin production in pea seeds developing in excised pods: effect of growth retardants. Science 147, 155–157 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, M. F., Light, E. N., Lang, A.: The action of plant growth retardants on terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of gibberellic acid production in Fusarium moniliforme by CCC and AMO-1618; action of these retardants on sterol biosynthesis. Planta (Berl.) 88, 172–182 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D. R., Smith, H.: The inhibition by high concentrations of (2-chloroethyl)-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) of chlorophyll and protein synthesis in excised barley leaf sections. Planta (Berl.) 31, 80–86 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bragt, J. van: The effect of CCC on growth and gibberellin content of tomato plants. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 17, 183–188 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D. E.: α-Amylase in germinating decorticated barley. III. Effects of adding CCC and other chemical substances. Phytochem. 7, 539–554 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, J. M.: The effects of gibberellic acid and cycocel on the growth of cultured leaf tissue. Canad. J. Bot. 44, 513–518 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Simmonds, J. A.: The effect of CCC on the growth and levels of endogenous gibberellins in Helianthus crown gall tissue. In: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances, F. Wightman and G. Setterfield, eds. p. 911–919. Ottawa: Runge Press 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, D. J., Reid, D. M.: The physiological significance of the synthesis of hormones in roots and of their export to the shoot system. In: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances, F. Wightman and G. Setterfield, eds., p. 1169–1185. Ottawa: Runge Press 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cathey, H. M.: Physiology of growth retarding chemicals. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15, 271–302 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R.: Evidence on the site of action of growth retardants. Plant and Cell Physiol. 6, 7–15 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, B. E.: Biosynthesis of gibberellins. In: Progress in phytochemistry, L. Reinhold and Y. Liwschitz, eds., vol. 1, p. 195–222. London: Interscience 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • — Myers, P. L.: The effect of plant growth retardants on the biosynthesis of diterpenes by Gibberella fujikuroi. Phytochem. 8, 79–83 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, A., Aoki, H., Pharis, R. P.: Efficiency of countercurrent distribution, Sephadex G-10, and silicic acid column chromatography in the purification and separation of gibberellin-like substances from plant tissue. J. exp. Bot. 20, 786–795 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Kuo, C. C., Durley, R. C., Pharis, R. P.: The biological activity of twenty six gibberellins in nine plant bioassays. Canad. J. Bot. 48, 867–877 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, J. E., Felippe, G. M.: The gibberellin content and early seedling growth of plants of Phaseolus vulgaris treated with the growth retardant CCC. Planta (Berl.) 80, 288–298 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Felippe, G. M., Dale, J. E.: Effects of a growth retardant, CCC, on leaf growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. Planta (Berl.) 80, 328–343 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttridge, C. G.: The interaction of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride and gibberellic acid in strawberry. Physiol. Plantarum (Cph.) 19, 397–402 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halevy, A. H., Dilley, D. R., Wittwer, S. H.: Senescence inhibition and respiration induced by growth retardants and N-benzyladenine. Plant Physiol. 41, 1085–1089 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Wittwer, S. H.: Growth promotion in the snapdragon by CCC, a growth retardant. Naturwissenschaften 52, 310 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, H., Lang, A.: Effect of some (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride analogs and other growth retardants on gibberellin biosynthesis in Fusarium moiliforme. Plant Physiol. 40, 176–183 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. L.: Aqueous extraction of gibberellins from pea. Planta (Berl.) 81, 97–105 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Varner, J.: The bioassay of gibberellins. Planta (Berl.) 72, 155–161 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kende, H., Ninemann, H., Lang, A.: Inhibition of gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium moniforme by AMO-1618 and CCC. Naturwissenschaften 50, 599–600 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochankov, V. G., Chailakhyan, M. Kh.: Effect of retardant CCC, morphactin, and abscisin on endogenous and induced growth of pea sprouts. Dokl. Adak. Nauk SSSR (English transln.) 183, 1452–1455 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, D.: Die Wirkung von schwachem Rotlicht und Chlorcholinchlorid auf den Gibberellingehalt normaler Erbsensämlinge und die Ursache der unterschiedlichen Empfindlichkeit von Zwerg- und Normalerbsensämlingen gegen ihr eigenes Gibberellin. Planta (Berl.) 67, 44–54 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, D., Pradham, G. C.: Formation of adventitious roots in tomato seedlings by CCC treatment. Curr. Sci. 263–264 (1968).

  • Murakami, Y.: A new rice seedling test for gibberellins, “microdrop method”, and its use for testing extracts of rice and morning glory. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 81, 33–43 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ockerse, R.: The dependence of auxin-induced pea stem growth on gibberellin. Botan. Gaz. 131, 95–97 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, L. E., Tautvydas, K. J.: Chromatography of gibberellins on silica gel partition columns. Nature (Lond.) 213, 292–293 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. M., Carr, D. J.: Effects of a dwarfing compound, CCC, on the production and export of gibberellin-like substances by root systems. Planta (Berl.) 73, 1–11 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Clements, J. B., Carr, D. J.: Red light induction of gibberellin synthesis in leaves. Nature (Lond.) 217, 580–582 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. R., West, C. A.: Biosynthesis of cyclic diterpenes in extracts from seedlings of Ricinus communis L. II. Conversation of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate into diterpene hydrocarbons and partial purification of the cyclization enzymes. Biochemistry 9, 80–89 (1970).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shechter, I., West, C. A.: Biosynthesis of gibberellins. IV. Biosynthesis of cyclic diterpenes from trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. J. biol. Chem. 244, 3200–3209 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West, C. A., Oster, M., Robinson, D., Lew, F., Murphy, P.: Biosynthesis of gibberellin precursors and related diterpenes. In: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances, F. Wightman and G. Setterfield, eds., p. 313–332. Ottawa: Runge Press 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wünsche, U.: Growth retarding and stimulating effects of CCC on Antirrhinum majus L. Planta (Berl.) 85, 108–110 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeevaart, J. A. D.: Reduction in the gibberellin content of Pharbitis seeds by CCC and after effects in the progeny. Plant Physiol. 51, 856–862 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    D. M. Reid & A. Crozier

Authors
  1. D. M. Reid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Crozier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Supported by National Research Council (Canada) grant A-5727.

Supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from NRC Grant A-2585 to R.P. Pharis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reid, D.M., Crozier, A. CCC-Induced increase of gibberellin levels in pea seedlings. Planta 94, 95–106 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387754

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387754

Keywords

Search

Navigation