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Congenital toxoplasmosis: histological and ultrastructural study

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Abstract

A case of congenital toxoplasmosis is reported in which the patient died at 32 days following seizures, coma and respiratory disturbances. Neuropathological examination showed numerous foci of softening throughout the brain. Histological examination disclosed widespread areas of inflammatory necrosis. Circumscribed areas of granulomatous inflammation were also found. Cysts containing a variable number of microorganisms and toxoplasmas free in the damaged areas were frequently observed. Small calcifications were scattered in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.

Electron microscopy of postmortem brain specimens demonstrated toxoplasmas at various stages of development. The microorganism is enveloped by a two-layered membrane, the pellicle. Replication occurs in a vacuole inside the host cell. Following replication the newly formed parasites, the trophozoites, are released. Several replications without release may also occur with consequent cyst formation. The motile form of the toxoplasma, the tachyzoite, is fusiform with truncated cone shape of the anterior ending which is the presenting surface modified for host cell penetration. The modality of transplacental transmission and the clinical syndromes associated with toxoplasma infection are discussed. EM even of post mortem material contributes to knowledge of the structure of the parasite and of its life cycles.

Sommario

Si descrive un caso di toxoplasmosi congenita. La bambina era deceduta all'età di 32 giorni dopo un decorso clinico caratterizzato da convulsioni, coma e disturbi respiratori. L'esame neuropatologico dimostrò numerose aree di rammollimento cerebrale e lo studio istologico evidenziò zone estese di necrosi infiammatorie ed aree circoscritte di infiammazione granulomatosa. Calcificazioni erano presenti nella corteccia cerebrale e nei gangli della base. Si osservarono sia cisti, contenenti un numero variabile di microorganismi, che toxoplasmi liberi nelle zone interessate dal processo patologico.

L'esame al Microscopio Elettronico di materiale autoptico mostrò toxoplasmi in vari stadi di sviluppo. Il microorganismo è avvolto da una doppia membrana, la pellicola. La sua replicazione ha luogo all'interno di vacuoli nella cellula ospite, dopodiché i trofozoiti possono essere rilasciati oppure, qualora più replicazioni avvengano all'interno della stessa cellula, si ha la formazione di una cisti. La forma invasiva del toxoplasma, il tachizoita, si presenta fusiforme con la parte anteriore strutturalmente modificata per favorire la penetrazione nella cellula ospite. Si discutono le modalità di trasmissione e le sindromi cliniche conseguenti all'infezione congenita, sottolineando in particolare come anche lo studio su materiale autoptico possa contribuire alla conoscenza del ciclo vitale del parassita.

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Fenzi, F., Simonati, A., Nardelli, E. et al. Congenital toxoplasmosis: histological and ultrastructural study. Ital J Neuro Sci 3, 49–57 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02043347

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