Summary
The cardioprotective effects of magnesium and calcium in hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions were investigated in isolated rat hearts. Isolated rat hearts were arrested for 30 min at 37°C in cardioplegic solutions containing magnesium and calcium in varying concentrations. In St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution, the magnesium and calcium concentrations were varied as follows: Mg 0; Ca 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mmol/l (mM)./ Mg 4; Ca 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mM./ Mg 8; Ca 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 mM./ Mg 12; Ca 0.1, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 mM./ Mg 16; Ca 0.1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.5 mM. For each magnesium concentration, the percentage recovery of aortic flow generated dose-response curves depending on calcium concentration. The maximum percentage recovery of aortic flow was 76.0%±2.7% (mean ±SEM) in the Mg0−Ca0.1 mM group, 77.1%±2.0% in the Mg4−Ca0.3 mM group, 78.5%±2.3% in the Mg8−Ca0.6 mM group, 79.8%±2.4% in the Mg12−Ca0.9 mM group and 80.0%±3.4% in the Mg16−Ca1.2 mM (ST solution) group. Significant difference in the recovery of aortic flow has not been observed among these groups, and furthermore, significant differences in the recovery of other parameters of cardiac function and Ck leakage have not been observed among these groups. These results suggest that the cardioprotective effects depend on the relative combination of magnesium and calcium concentrations, and that it is important to maintain an appropriate balance of magnesium and calcium in hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ashida Y (1990) A study on reciprocal dependency of calcium and magnesium concentrations in the reperfusate for post-ischemic myocardial function. J Yonago Med Ass 41:23–33
Brown PS, Holland FW, Parenteau GL, Clark RE (1991) Magnesium ion is beneficial in hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 51:359–367
Dayton WR, Schollmeyre JV (1980) Isolation from porcine cardiac muscle of a Ca++ activated protease that partially degrades myofibrils. J Mol Cell Cardiol 12:533–551
Endo M (1977) Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Res 57:71–108
Franson RC, Pang CD, Towle DW, Weglicki WB (1978) Phospholipase A activity of highly enriched preparations of cardiac sarcolemma from hamster and dog. J Mol Cell Cardiol 10:921–930
Geffin GA, Love TR, Hendren WG, Torchiana DF, Titus JS, Rednnett BE, O'Keefe DD, Daggett WM (1989) The effects of calcium and magnesium in hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution on myocardial preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:239–250
Gordon LM, Sauerheber RD, Esgate JA (1978) Spin label studies on rat liver and heart plasma membranes: Effect of temperature, calcium and lanthanum on membrane fluidity. J Supramol Struct 9:299–326
Hearse DJ, Stewart DA, Braimbridge MV (1978) Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. The importance of magnesium in cardioplegic infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 75:877–885
Hearse DJ, Braimbridge MV, Jynge P (1981) Protection of ischemic myocardium. Cardioplegia. Raven Press, New York, pp 59–63
Iseri LT, French JH (1984) Magnesium: nature's physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J 108:188–193
Kinoshita K, Oe M, Tokunaga K (1991) Superior protective effect of low-calcium, magnesium-free potassium cardioplegic solution on ischemic myocardium. Clinical study in comparison with St. Thomas' Hospital solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:695–702
Macky AJC, Blecker NK, Bouman LN (1978) Chronotropic effects of calcium and magnesium ions at different temperature. Recent Adv Cardiac Struct Metab 11:51–55
Neely JR, Liebermeister H, Battersby EJ, Morgan HE (1967) Effect of pressure development on oxygen consumption by isolated rat heart. Am J Physiol 212:804–814
Robinson LA, Harwood DL (1991) Lowering the calcium concentration in St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution improves protection during hypothermic ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:314–325
Schrör K, Sadat-Khonsari A, Krebs R (1979) Different intracellular cation content present in right and left ventricle dependent on extracellular Ca++ concentrations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 11:45–55
Synamori M, Suzuki A, Harrison CE (1980) Effect of magnesium in cardioplegic solution upon hypothermic ischemic myocardial mitochondria. Jpn Circ J 44:81–86
Weber A (1968) Mechanism of the action of caffeine on sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Gen Physiol 52:760–772
Yamamoto F, Braimbridge MV, Hearse DJ (1984) Calcium and cardioplegia. The optimal content for the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87:908–912
Zimmerman ANE, Daems W, Hülsmann W, Wisse E, Durrer D (1967) Morphological changes of heart muscle caused by successive perfusion with calcium-free and calcium-containing solutions (calcium paradox). Cardiovasc Res 1:201–209
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Takemoto, N., Kuroda, H. & Mori, T. The reciprocal protective effects of magnesium and calcium in hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions on ischemic myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol 87, 559–569 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00788666
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00788666