Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T09:52:06.465Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Unwanted Navy: Habsburg Naval Armaments under Maria Theresa1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

Franz A. J. Szabo
Franz A. J. Szabo
Affiliation:
University of Alberta
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Habsburg monarchy was never a major sea power, and for most of its four centuries of existence it had no substantial navy at all. Especially before the nineteenth century the history of Habsburg naval armaments, therefore, is of little interest to the military specialist and more significant as a footnote to the domestic political history of the monarchy. At no time was this more the case than during the reign of Maria Theresa (1740–1780). From a military point of view the naval projects of this period could furnish, at best, the plot of an opera buffa, but from an administrative and economic point of view they highlight some of the most fundamental problems of enlightened absolutism in Austria.

Type
The Habsburg Navy
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 17 , January 1981 , pp. 29 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 The research for this article was made possible by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. It was conducted in three of the major Austrian archives: the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv. the Kriegsarchiv, and the Hofkammerarchiv. Most of the material used in this article was then being examined by Yugoslav archival authorities. As a result of the Austro-Yugoslav archival agreement of 1923 it is in the process of being transferred to various regional archives in Yugoslavia.

2 Secondary sources on naval armaments during the reign of Maria Theresa are scarce. The most extensive narrative is still Joseph Ritter von Reichberger von Rechkron. Geschichte der k. k. Kriegs-Marine, Pt. I: Österreichs Seewesen in dem Zeilraume 1500–1797 (Vienna: Verlag des k. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministeriums, 1882), pp. 83–115Google Scholar, but it is marred by major gaps and inaccuracies. The other standard histories of the Habsburg navy. Wallisch, Friedrich, Die Flagge Rol-Weβ-Rol: Männer und Taten der österreichischen Marine in vier Jahrhunderten (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1956)Google Scholar; Sokol, Anthony, The Imperial and Royal Auslro-Hungarian Navy (Annapolis. Md.: U.S. Naval Institute. 1968Google Scholar) also in German under the title Seemacht Osterreich: Die Kaiserliche und Konigliche Kriegsmarine, 1382–1918 (Vienna: Verlag Fritz Molden. 1972)Google Scholar; and Schmalenbach, Paul, Kurze Geschichte der k. u. k. Marine mil Ausnahme der Tdtigkeit auf der Donau und den ober-italienischen Seen (Herford: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft MbH. 1970).Google Scholar have tended to gloss over the reign of Maria Theresa. Gogg, Karl, Osterreichs Kriegsmarine 1440–1848 (Salzburg: Verlag Das Bergland Buch, 1972)Google Scholar, is not a general history but a chronological catalogue. There is also a brief and incomplete analysis of Maria Theresa's naval projects in Otruba, Gustav. Die Wirtschaftspoliiik Maria Theresias (Vienna: Bergland Verlag, 1963), pp. 139–142.Google Scholar Armed river boats, not discussed in this article, have been given an exhaustive treatment in Aichelburg, Wladimir, Kriegschiffe auf der Donau. In MUitärhislorische Schriftenreihe, No. 37 (Vienna: Militärwissenschaftliches Institut, 1978).Google Scholar

3 Redlich, Oswald, Das Werden einer Groβmacht: Österreich von 1700 bis 1740 (Vienna: Rudolf Rohrer Verlag, 1938). pp. 219 and 221–222.Google Scholar

4 Benedikt, Heinrich. Das Königrekh Neapel unter Kaiser Karl VI. (Vienna: Manz Verlag, 1927)Google Scholar, passim: Benedikt, Heinrich. Kaiseradler iiber dem Apennin: Die Osterrekher in llalien 1700 bis 1866 (Vienna: Verlag Herold, 1964), pp. 250–297.Google Scholar

5 Kaltenstadler, Wilhelm, “Der österreichische Seehandel über Triest im 18. Jahrhundert,” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschkhte, Vol. LV (1968), pp. 484–489.Google Scholar See also Ebengreuth, Arnold Luschin von. Österreichs Anfange in der Adria (Vienna, 1916), pp. 25–28Google Scholar. Contemporary names of cities are used throughout this article; present-day names are given in brackets where applicable.

6 Wangermann, Ernst, The Austrian Achievement, 1700–1800 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973), pp. 27–28Google Scholar; Kaltenstadler, “Der österreichische Seehandel über Triest im 18. Jahrhundert,” Vol. LV, pp. 498–500; Vol. LVI, pp. 4–35. See also Gasser, Peter, “Osterreichs Levanthandel über Triest 1740–1790,” Milteilungen des Osterreichischen Staalsarchivs, Vol. VII (1954), pp. 120–130.Google Scholar

7 Maria Theresa to Intendancy, April 7, 1763. Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 584, Fo. 1.

8 Beer, Adolf. “Die Finanzverwaltung Österreichs 1749–1816.” Mitteilungen des Inslituts für ösierreichische Geschichisforschung, Vol. XV (1894), pp. 273–289.Google Scholar

9 Briefs of merchants, summer, 1763, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 584, Fos. 12–84; Intendancy to Council of Commerce, October I, 1763, ibid., Fos. 99–122; Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, October 25, 1763, ibid., Fos. 85–98.

10 Intendancy reports, April 14, August 18, 25, and 28, September 1, and November 17, 1764, ibid. Red Carton No. 686, Fos. 661–671 and 681–708.

11 Intendancy report, January 19, 1765, ibid., Fos. 722–734.

12 Intendancy report, May 21, 1765, ibid., Fos. 765–768.

13 Anderson, M. S., Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 1713–1783 (2nd ed., London: Longman, 1976), pp. 272–273Google Scholar; Bayersburg, Heinrich Bayer von, Österreichs Admirale, 1719–1866 (Vienna: Bergland Verlag, 1960), pp. 49–50.Google Scholar On Mediterranean piracy in general, see Lane-Pool, Stanley, The Barbary Corsairs (New York: G. P. Putman's Sons, 1901)Google Scholar; Eck, Otto, Seeräuberei im Mittelmeer (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1940)Google Scholar; SirFischer, Godfrey, Barbary Legend: War, Trade and Piracy in North Africa, 1415–1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957)Google Scholar; Bono, Salvatore, I Corsari Barbareschi (Turin: ER1, 1964)Google Scholar; and Bamford, Paul W., The Barbary Pirates: Victims and the Scourge of Christendom. The James Ford Bell Lectures, No. 10 (Minneapolis, Minn.: James Ford Bell Library, 1972).Google Scholar See also Cova, Ugo, “Trieste e la guerra di corsa nel secolo XVIII,” Mittleilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, Vol. XXIX (1976), pp. 143–168, which focuses almost exclusively on the Seven Years' War.Google Scholar

14 For the texts of the treaties with Algiers, on October 4. 1748, with Tunis, on December 23, 1748, and with Tripoli, on January 27, 1749, see Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 686, Fos. 142–177.

15 Reports of treaty violations, 1751–1762, ibid., Fos. 199–626. See also Beer, Adolf, “Die österreichische Handelspolitik unter Maria Theresia,” Archiv für österreichische Geschichte, Vol. LXXXVI (1898), p. 89.Google Scholar

16 “État des presens à faire à Tunis pour le bey,” November 26, 1757, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 686, Fos. 312–313. Gifts for the bey of Algiers presented on the same day were valued at almost 17,000 gulden. ibid., Fos. 314–315.

17 Bey of Tunis to Maria Theresa, April 12, 1758, ibid., Fos. 380–382. Not to be outdone, the bey of Algiers followed suit. His ambassador arrived in Vienna in October, departing with “gifts” valued at 9.598 gulden and 7 1/2 kreuzer. Rudolf Khevenhüller-Metsch and Schlitter, Hanns (eds.). Aits der Zeit Maria Theresias. Tagebuch des Fürsten Johann Josef Khevenhüller-Metsch. Kaiserlichen Obersthofmeisters, 1742–1776 (10 vols., Vienna: Adolf Holzhausen, 1907-1972), Vol. V, pp. 66 and 198–201.Google Scholar

18 Felucca zu Triesl. 1752–1784, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 645, Fos. 1–197.

19 Cova, “Trieste e la guerra di corsa nel secolo XVIII,” pp. 158–163. Anglo-Prussian cooperation also marked naval activities in the Baltic sea. See Ruffmann, Karl-Heinz, “Der Ostseeraum im Siebenjahrigen Krieg,” Zeitschrift für Ostforschung, Vol. V (1956), pp. 500–511.Google Scholar

20 Maria Theresa to Intendancy, October 16, 1759. Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale. Red Carton No. 689, Fos. 55–58.

21 Merchant briefs, November, 1759, ibid., Fos. 78–89.

22 Council of Commerce to Kaunitz, December 15, 1759. ibid., Fos. 66–71. See alsoCova, “Trieste e la guerra di corsa nel secolo XVIII,” pp. 154–155; and Rechberger, Geschichte der k. k. Kriegs-Marine, p. 77.

23 Kaunitz to Council of Commerce, January 12, 1760, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale. Red Carton No. 689, Fos. 101–104.

24 Maria Theresa to Intendancy, December 22, 1759, ibid., Fo. 72.

25 Kaunitz to Council of Commerce. July 9. 1760, ibid. Fos. 218–229.

26 Maria Theresa to Intendancy, April 7, 1763, ibid., Fo. 268.

27 For this whole episode, see Cova, “Trieste e la guerra di corsa nel secolo XVIII,“ pp. 164–166.

28 Report of Intendancy Councillor Ricci, October 14, 1763, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111. No. 5, Fos. 25–26.

29 Memorandum of Cesar Majo, June 16, 1764, ibid., No. 6, Fos. 27–30.

30 Brief of the Trieste merchants, August 24, 1764, ibid., No. 5, Fos. 9–24.

31 Proposal of Franz Anton von Raab, July 1, 1764, ibid., No. 6, Fos. 23–24; Intendancy report, August 25, 1764, ibid., Fos. 76–99.

32 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, September 11, 1764, ibid., Fos. 101–110.

33 Intendancy report, September 1, 1764, ibid., Fos. 4–22.

34 Kaunitz to Maria Theresa, September 11, 1764, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staalskanzlei: Vorträge, Carton No. 94, Pt. C, Fos. 15–32; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

35 Maria Theresa to Council of Commerce, September 26, 1764, ibid., Kabinettsarchiv: Staatsratprotokolle, Vol. XV, No. 2436.Google Scholar

36 Intendancy report, September 11, 1764, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. III, No. 5, Fos. 1–4 and 25–34.

37 Intendancy report, December 10, 1764, ibid., No. 29, Fos. 5–18 and 50–60.

38 Aulic War Council President Leopold von Daun to Council of Commerce, October 18, 1764, ibid. No. 7, Fos. 8–13.

39 Joint protocol of the Aulic War Council and the Council of Commerce, July 29, 1765, ibid., Hojkriegsratakten. Fasc. 1765 (July), No.760, Fos. 1–7.

40 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, August 20, 1767, ibid., Comercialia, Fasc. III, No. 114, Fos. 1–5. See also Gogg, , Österreichs Kriegsmarine, p. 32Google Scholar; Wallisch, , Die Flagge Rot-Weβ-Rot, pp. 27–28Google Scholar; Otruba, , Die Wirtschaftspolitik Maria Theresias, p. 140Google Scholar; and Rechberger, , Österreichs Seewesen in dem Zeitraume 1500–1797, pp. 87–90.Google Scholar

41 Council of Commerce to the Banco, October 27, 1764, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 8, Fo. 1.

42 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, March 6, 1765, ibid., No. 40, Fos. 1–7; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

43 Council of Commerce to the Banco, September 28, 1764, ibid., No. 6, Fos. 3 and 111.

44 Council of Commerce to the Banco, January 9, 1766, ibid. No. 57, Fos. 1–2; Banco to Council of Commerce, January 17, 1766, ibid., No. 63, Fos. 1–3.

45 Correspondence of the Council of Commerce on the takeover of Porto Ré harbor in June, 1765, ibid., No. 45, Fos. 1–109.

46 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, November 10, 1764, ibid. No. 12, Fos. 2–8.

47 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, February 28, 1764, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 689, Fo. 303.

48 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, October 23, 1764, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 9, Fo. 1; Voinovich to Maria Theresa, n. d., and Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, November 24, 1764, ibid. No. 19, Fos. 2–7.

49 Kaunitz to Council of Commerce, December 18, 1764, ibid. No. 26, Fos. 10–12; Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, December 20, 1764, ibid., Fos. 5–9; Maria Theresa to Council of Commerce, January 1, 1765, ibid., Fo. 14.

50 Council of Commerce to Voinovich, January 8, 1765, ibid., Fo. 5.

51 Kaunitz to Council of Commerce, November 23, 1765, ibid., No. 13, Fos, 1–4. In fact, the money came from a secret fund administered by Kaunitz, established out of French subsidy payments agreed upon in the Convention of Fbntainebleau (1758). See Bernard, Paul B., “Kaunitz and Austria's Secret Fund,” East European Quarterly, Vol. XVI (1981), pp. 129–136.Google Scholar

52 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, November 10, 1764, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 12, Fos. 2–8.

53 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, November 24, 1764, ibid. No. 19, Fos. 2 and 5–7.

54 Maria Theresa to the Banco, December 7, 1764, ibid. No. 17, Fo. 1.

55 Maria Theresa to Council of Commerce, November 20, 1764, ibid. No. 12, Fos. 7–8. This letter is cited by Otruba, but he gives it the wrong date. See Otruba, Die Wirtschaftspolitik Maria Theresias, p. 139.

56 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, November 24, 1764, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 19, Fos. 5–7; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

57 Council of Commerce protocol, December 4, 1764, ibid., No. 20, Fos. 1–6; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

58 Intendancy report, December 10, 1764, ibid. No. 29, Fos. 5–18 and 50–60.

59 Council of Commerce Councillor Mygind's comments on the Intendancy report, n. d., ibid., Fo. 2.

60 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, December 29, 1764, ibid. No. 22, Fos. 1–7.

61 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, December 18, 1764, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Lilorale, Red Carton No. 625, Fos. 9–10.

62 Intendancy report, May 25, 1765, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 47, Fos. 1–31.

63 Voinovich to Intendancy, November 4, 1765, ibid. No. 60, Fos. 11–13; Intendancy report, November 9, 1765, ibid., Fos. 6–10.

64 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, January 23, 1766, ibid., Fos. 2–5.

65 Aulic War Council President Lacy to Council of Commerce, May 1, 1766, ibid. No. 71, Fos. 4–5.

66 Lacy to Council of Commerce, June 20, 1766, ibid. No. 80, Fos. 2–3.

67 Aulic War Council-Council of Commerce correspondence, August-November, 1766, ibid. No. 85, Fos. 1–9; No. 93, Fos. 1–5.

68 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, February 27, 1766, ibid. No. 64, Fos. 1–11;Mygind's comments on the Intendancy report of May 11, 1766, ibid. No. 74, Bos. 1–18.

69 Intendancy report, March 15, 1766, ibid. No. 70, Fos. 4–10; Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, May 3, 1766, ibid., Fos. 1–3; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

70 Gogg, Öslerreichs Kriegsmarine, p. 57.

71 Various requests for command posts in 1765 and 1767, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia. Fasc. 111, No. 42. Fos. 1–7; No. 52, Fos. 1–5; No. 63, Fos. 1–3; No. 72, Fo. 1; No. 110, Fos. 1–10; and No. 119, Fos. 1–5. See also Rechberger, Österreichs Seewesen in dem Zeitraume 1500–1797, pp. 94–97.

72 Auersperg to Maria Theresa, May 11. 1766, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Vorträge, Carton No. 97, Pt. B, Fos. 120–124.

73 See Maria Theresa's note on the back of the Auersperg memo: “Kauniz dise sach pressirt [sic].“ ibid.

74 Memorandum of the Maltese ambassador, Count Antonio Hamilton, July 26, 1766, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 87, Fo. 3.

75 Council of Commerce protocol, August 7, 1766, ibid., Fos. 6–8.

76 Count Chotek to Maria Theresa, October 6. 1766, ibid., Fos. 10–11.

77 Voinovich to Maria Theresa, n. d., ibid., No. 102, Fos. 5–8; Intendancy report, April 25, 1767, ibid., Fos. 1–4.

78 See Kaunitz-Hamilton correspondence, August-September, 1767, ibid., Hojkriegsraiakten, Fasc. 54 (July). No. 176, Fos. 67–69.

79 Intendancy report, March 24, 1767, ibid., Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 105, Fos. 6–13; Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, April 15, 1767, ibid., Fos. 3–5. Otruba maintains that the costs amounted to 600 gulden. See his Die Wirlschaflspolilik Maria Theresias, p. 140.

80 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, January 2. 1767, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 56, Fo. 1.

81 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa. November 5, 1767, ibid. No. 120, Fos. 1–3.

82 Minutes of the Council of State deliberations, June, 1767, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Kabinettsarchiv: Staatsrataklen 1, No. 1372.

83 ibid.See also Joseph II's resolution of June 29, 1767, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. HI, No. 107, Fos. 1–6.

84 Beer, Adolf, “Die Staatsschulden und die Ordnung des Staatshaushaltes unter Maria Theresia,” Archivfür osterreichische Geschichte, Vol. LXXXII (1895), pp. 18–32Google Scholar. See also Hock, Carl Freiherr von and Bidermann, Hermann I., Der österreichische Staatsrat 1760–1848 (Vienna: Wilhelm Braumuller, 1879), p. 80.Google Scholar

85 Artillery Director Liechtenstein to the Aulic War Council, January 6, 1768, and to the Council of Commerce, February 24, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Protokolle in Publicis, Vol. 993, Nos. 16 and 175.

86 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, July 23, 1767, ibid., Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 111, Fos. 6–10.

87 Minutes of the Council of State for August and September, 1767, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Kabinettsarchiv: Staatsratprotokolle, Vol. 25, No. 1761; Vol. 26, No. 2040.

88 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 686, Fos. 870–871.

89 Meaussé to Hamilton, December 24, 1767, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 122, Fo. 5; Hamilton to Kaunitz, January 6, 1768, ibid., Fos. 6–7; Kaunitz to Council of Commerce, January 7, 1768, ibid., Fos. 1–2.

90 Intendancy Councillor Ceschi to Chotek, January 29, 1768, ibid. No. 124, Fos. 1–3.

91 Protocol of the meeting of Meaussé with the Intendancy, February 28, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Hofkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (April), No. 181, Fos. 2–10; Intendancy report, March 2, 1768, ibid., Fo. 1.

92 Chotek to Lacy, March 17, 1768, ibid., Fasc. 54 (April), No. 181, Fo. 1.

93 Lacy to Chotek, April 10, 1768, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 625, Fos. 25–27.

94 Protocol of Meaussé's meeting with the Aulic War Council and Council of Commerce on April 15, 1868. Kriegsarchiv (Vienna). Hofkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 176, Fos. 43–48.

95 Protocol of the Aulic War Council meeting of April 16, 1768, ibid., Fasc. 54 (April), No. 284, Fos. 1–6.

96 Mygind report, April 16, 1768, ibid., Fasc. 54 (July), No. 176, Fos. 19–22.

98 Wallisch (see his Die Flagge Rot-Weβ-Rot, p. 28) and Otruba (see his Die Wirtschafispolitik Maria Theresias, pp. 140–141) maintain that Meaussé resigned over this issue.

98 Meaussé memoir, April 26, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Hojkriegsralaklen, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 176, Fos. 23–32. See also Rechberger, Österreichs Seewesen in dem Zeiiraume 1500–1797. pp. 97–103.

99 Mygind's comments on Meaussé's memoir, April 28, 1768, ibid., Fos. 33–36.

100 Rechberger, Österreichs Seewesen in dem Zeitraume 1500–1797, p. 107.

101 Marginalia of Maria Theresa on the list of Meausse's demands, n. d., Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Hojkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 622, Fo. 18.

102 Chotek to Maria Theresa, April 28, 1768, ibid., No. 176, Fos. 37–42.

103 Meaussé's cost breakdown, n. d. [May, 1768], ibid. No. 622, Fos. 14–18.

104 Kaunitz to Maria Theresa, June 2, 1768, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staalskanzlei: Vortr´ge, Carton No. 101, Pt. D, Fos. 3–10; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

105 Maria Theresa to Chotek, June 5, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Hojkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 176, Fos. 41–42.

106 Chotek to Lacy, June 8, 1768, ibid., No. 16, Fos. 70–71.

107 Lacy to Chotek, June 17, 1768, ibid. Fasc. 54 (June), No. 362, Fos. 1–2.

108 Lacy to Maria Theresa, June 18, 1768, ibid., Fasc. 54 (July), No. 176, Fos. 6–9.

109 Kaunitz to Maria Theresa, July 1, 1768, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Vortr´ge, Carton No. 102, Pt. A, Fos. 1–4; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.; Maria Theresa to Chotek, July 1, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 130, Fos. 5–6; Maria Theresa to Lacy, July 2, 1768, ibid., Hofkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 179, Fo. 9.

110 Lacy to Chotek, July 9 and 16, 1768, ibid., Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 130, Fos. 2–3 and 25–27.

111 Chotek to Maria Theresa, July 12, 1768, ibid., Fos. 5–12.

112 Kaunitz's Staatsrat votum, July 29, 1768, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Kabinettsarchiv: Kaunitz Voten zu Staatsratakten I, No. 1676 of 1768.

113 Imperial resolution, n. d. [August, 1768], ibid., Staatsratprotokolle, Vol. 28, No. 1676.

114 Mygind votum, August 4, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Hofkriegsratakten, Fasc. 54 (July), No. 622, Fos. 8–12.

115 Chotek to Maria Theresa, August 4, 1768, ibid., Fos. 2–7.

116 Imperial resolution, n. d. [August, 1768], ibid.

117 Chotek to Maria Theresa, December 31, 1768, ibid., Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 135, Fos. 4–5.

118 Gogg, , Österreichs Kriegsmarine, p. 57.Google Scholar

119 Auersperg to Maria Theresa, November 29, 1768, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. HI, No. 143, Fos. 3–4.

120 Auersperg to Maria Theresa, January 2, 1769, ibid., Fos. 23–25.

121 Maria Theresa to Chotek, January 31, 1769, ibid., No. 135, Fos. 5–6.

122 Intendancy report, April 15, 1769, ibid., No. 139, Fos. 5–13.

123 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, May 8, 1769, ibid., Fos. 1 and 15.

124 Council of Commerce to Maria Theresa, September 4, 1769, ibid., No. 141, Fos. 1–5.

125 Chotek to Maria Theresa, September 18, 1769, ibid. No. 144, Fos. 7–14.

126 Joseph II to Chotek, September 28, 1769, ibid., Fo. 14.

127 Ad hoc commission protocol, February 9, 1770, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Vorträge, Carton No. 105, Ft. A, Fos. 138–153.

128 Kaunitz to Maria Theresa, March 2, 1767, ibid., Carton No. 99, Pt. C, Fos. 8–15; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

129 Wandruszka, Adam, Leopold II (2 vols., Vienna: Verlag Herold, 1963-1965), Vol. 1, pp. 196–197.Google Scholar

130 Rosenberg to Kaunitz, June 3, 1769, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatenabteilung: Toskana Berichte, Carton No. 15, Pt. C, Fos. 90–91.

131 Gogg, , Österreichs Kriegsmarine, p. 57.Google Scholar

132 Rosenberg to Kaunitz, January 9, 1770, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatenabteilung: Toskana Berichte, Carton No. 15, Pt. D, Fos. 1–2.

133 Commission protocol, February 9, 1770, ibid., Staatskanzlei: Vortr7auml;ge, Carton No. 105, Pt. A, Fos. 138–153.

134 ibid.

135 Aulic War Council to Chotek, May 14, 1770, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 151, Fos. 1–5; Acton to Kaunitz, May 21, 1770, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Notenwechsel, Ad Hojkriegsrat, Fasc. 3–4, Pt. B, Fos. 6–7.

136 Maria Theresa to Auersperg, May 21, 1770, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Provinzen, Küstenland, Carton No. 1, Fos. 15–16.

137 Auersperg to Kaunitz, June 11,1770, ibid., Staatskanzlei: Notenwechsel, Ad Hojkriegsrat. Fasc. 3–4, Pt. B, Fos. 1–2; Kaunitz to Rosenberg, July 20, 1770, ibid., Staatenabteilung: Toskana Weisungen, Carton 30, Fos. unnumbered.

138 Auersperg to Kaunitz, July 30, 1770, ibid., Staatskanzlei: Notenweschsel, Ad Hofkriegsrat, Fasc. 3–4, Pt. B, Fos. 16–46; Kaunitz to Rosenberg, August 18, 1770, ibid., Staatenabteilung: Toskana Weisungen, Carton 30, Fos. unnumbered. See also Schmalenbach, Kurze Geschichte, p. 15.

139 Kaunitz to Wilczek, September 9, 1771, ibid.

140 Kaunitz to Wilczek, December 5, 1771, ibid.

141 Kaunitz to Wilczek, March 16, 1772, ibid.

142 Kaunitz to Maria Theresa, August 7, 1772, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Vorträge, Carton No. 110, Pt. A, Fos. 38–42; imperial resolution, n. d., ibid.

143 Wilczek to Kaunitz, November 3, 1772, ibid., Staatenabieilung: Toskana Berichle, Carton No. 16, Pt. B, Fos. 136–137.

144 Kaunitz to Council of Commerce, June 24, 1773, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 169, Fos. 4–5.

145 Wilczek to Kaunitz, September 5, 1772, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatenabteilung: Toskana Berichte, Carton No. 16, Pt. B, Fos. 124–125.

146 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, October 1, 1770, Kriegsarchiv (Vienna), Comercialia, Fasc. 111, No. 160, Fo. 1.

147 Council of Commerce to Intendancy, March 25, 1771, ibid. No. 163, Fos. 1–3.

148 Report of the Austrian consul in Genoa, De Lottinger, October 18, 1765, Hofkammerarchiv (Vienna), Kommerz: Litorale, Red Carton No. 686, Fos. 782–796.

149 Beer, , “Die osterreichische Handelspolitik unter Maria Theresia,” pp. 89–90.Google Scholar

150 Kaunitz to Joseph II. January 23. 1778. Haus-. Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna), Staatskanzlei: Vorträge, Carton No. 125. Pt. A, Fos. 225–226; imperial resolution, n. d.. ibid.

151 Gogg, . Österreichs Kriegsmarine. p. 82.Google Scholar

152 Benjowsky project, n. d., Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Vienna). Staaiskanzlei: Vorträge. Carton No. 131. Pt. C. Fos. 107–133: Kaunitz to Joseph II, April 29, 1780, ibid. Fos. 142–148.

153 Otruba dramatically illustrates this concern. See his Die Winschaftspolitik Maria Theresias. passim.

154 On this entire problem, see the stimulating essay by Behrens, C. B. A. in his The Ancien Régime (London: Thames and Hudson, 1967), especially p. 141.Google Scholar