Abstract
High energy ball milling, an industrially amenable technique, has been used to produce CO tolerant unsupported Pt–Ru based catalysts for the oxidation of hydrogen in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Nanocrystalline Pt0.5–Ru0.5 alloys are easily obtained by ball-milling but their performances as anode catalysts are poor because nanocrystals composing the material aggregate during milling into larger particles. The result is a low specific area material. Improved specific areas were obtained by milling together Pt, Ru and a metal leacheable after the milling step. The best results were obtained by milling Pt, Ru, and Al in a 1:1:8 atomic ratio. After leaching Al, this catalyst (Pt0.5–Ru0.5 (Al4)) displays a specific area of 38 m2g−1. Pt0.5–Ru0.5 (Al4) is a composite catalyst. It consists of two components: (i) small crystallites (∼4 nm) of a Pt–Al solid solution (1–3 Al wt%) of low Ru content, and (ii) larger Ru crystallites. It shows hydrogen oxidation performance and CO tolerance equivalent to those of Pt0.5–Ru0.5 Black from Johnson Matthey, the commercial catalyst which was found to be the most CO tolerant one in this study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.B. Prater, J. Power Sources 61 (1996) 105.
A.J. Appleby, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A354 (1996) 1681.
G.J.K. Acres and G.A. Hards, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A354 (1996) 1671.
S. Gottesfeld and T.A. Zawodzinski, Adv. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 5 (1997) 195.
A.J. Appleby and F.R. Foulkes, Fuel Cell Handbook, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FA.
N.E. Vanderborgh, J. Guante, R.E. Dean and R.D. Sutton, Abstract of the Fuel Cell Seminar in Long-Beach, CA. (Oct. 1988), Courtesy Associates, Inc., Washington, DC, p. 52.
S. Gottesfeld and J. Pafford, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 (1988) 2651.
D. Wilkinson and D. Thompsett, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell and Modern Battery Systems, O. Savadogo and P. R. Roberge (eds), Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, 1997, p. 266.
S. Wasmus and W. Vielstich, J. Appl. Electrochem. 23 (1993) 120.
B. Bittins-Cattaneo, S. Wasmus, B. Lopez-Mishima and W. Vielstich, J. Appl. Electrochem. 23 (1993) 625.
H.A. Gasteiger, N. Markovic, P.N. Ross, Jr and E.J. Cairns, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 617.
P.N. Ross, K. Kinoshita, A.J. Scarpellino and P. Stonehart, J. Electroanal. Chem. 63 (1975) 97.
V.B. Hughes and R. Miles, J. Electroanal. Chem. 145 (1983) 87.
M. Watanabe and S. Motoo, J. Electroanal. Chem. 60 (1975) 267.
H.A. Gasteiger, N.M. Markovic and P. N. Ross, Jr, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 8290.
H.A. Gasteiger, N.M. Markovic and P.N. Ross, Jr, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 8945.
X. Ren, M.S. Wilson and S. Gottesfeld, In: S. Gottesfeld, G. Halpert and A. Landgrebe (eds) Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells I, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1995, p. 252.
E. Reddington, A. Sapienza, B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, S. Sarangapani, E.S. Smotkin and T.E. Mallouk, Science 280 (1988) 1735.
M.P. Hogarth and G.A. Hards, Platinum Metals Rev. 40 (1996) 150.
C.C. Koch, In: R.W. Cahn (ed.) Materials Science and Technology, Vol 15, Processing of Metals and Alloys, VCH, Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, (1991), chapter 5, p. 193.
H. Gleiter, J. Appl. Crystallography, 24 (1991) 79.
A.W. Weber and H. Bakker, Physica B 153 (1988) 93.
R.B. Schwarz and C.C. Koch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49 (1986) 146.
T. Masumoto, K. Hashimoto and M. Naka, In: B. Cantor (ed.) Proceedings of the the 3rd International Conference on Rapidly Quenched Metals, vol. 2, B., The Metal Society, London, (1978) p. 435.
R.M. Davis, B. McDermott and C.C. Koch, Metall. Trans. A 19A (1988) 2867.
J.M. Hutchinson, Plat. Met. Rev. 16 (1972) 88.
B.E. Warren, X-ray Diffraction, Dover Publication, New York.
J. Huot, S. Bouaricha, S. Boily, J.P. Dodelet, D. Guay and R. Schulz, J. Alloys & Compounds 266 (1998) 307.
T. Springer, T. Zawodzinski and S. Gottesfeld, In: J. McBreen, S. Mukerjee and S. Srinivasan (eds) Proceedings of the symposium on Electrode Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage IV, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 97–13 (1997) p. 15.
E. Ivanov, S.A. Makhlouf, K. Sumiyama, H. Yamauchi, K. Suzuki and G. Golubkuva, J. Alloys and Compounds 185 (1992) 25.
A.A. Nayeb-Hashemi and J.B. Clark, Eds, Phase Diagrams of Binary Magnesium Alloys, ASM International, Metals Park, OH (1988) p. 257.
T.B. Massalski (Ed.), Binary Alloy Phase Diagram, 2nd edn., ASM International Materials Park, OH
M.C. Denis, G. Lalande, D. Guay, J.P. Dodelet and R. Schulz, In: J. McBreen, S. Mukerjee and S. Srinivasan (eds), Proceedings of the symposium on Electrode Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage IV, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 97–13 (1997) p. 119.
J.S. Hammond and N. Winograd, J. Electroanal. Chem. 78 (1977) 55.
J.B. Goodenough, A. Hamnett, B.J. Kennedy, R. Manoharan and S.A. Weeks, J. Electroanal. Chem. 240 (1988) 133.
K.S. Kim and N. Winograd, J. Catal. 35 (1974) 66.
C.D. Wagner, W.W. Riggs, L.E. Davis, J.F. Moulder and G.E. Muilenberg, Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Perkin-Elmer Corporation. 1978.
P.K. Shen and A.C.C. Tseung, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 3082.
P.K. Shen, K.Y. Chen and A.C.C. Tseung, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) L85.
T. A. Zawodzinski, T. E. Springer, F. Uribe and S. Gottesfeld, Solid State Ionics 60 (1993) 199.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Denis, M., Lalande, G., Guay, D. et al. High energy ball-milled Pt and Pt–Ru catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells and their tolerance to CO. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 29, 951–960 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003505123872
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003505123872