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Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen im Verwandtschaftskreis vonTriticum L. undAegilops L. (Gramineae)

Anatomical studies within the generaTriticum L. andAegilops L. (Gramineae)

Сравнительно-анатом ические исследовани я родовTriticum L. иAegilops L. (Gramineae)

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Zusammenfassung

Bei 46 Arten der GattungenTriticum undAegilops wurden anatomische Untersuchungen im Bereich der Organe Wurzel, Halm, Blattspreite, Ährenspindel, Spelzen, Blüte und Karyopse mittels gefärbter Hand- bzw. Mikrotomschnitte vorgenommen. Bedingt durch die kleineren Sproßorgane vonAegilops ergaben sich dort oft geringere Zellgrößen. Häufig waren auch mit der Ploidiestufe korrelierte Merkmale anzutreffen. In einigen Fällen ließ sich der Einfluß bestimmter Arten bzw. Genome auf die Merkmalsausprägung der allopolyploiden Sippen deutlich nachweisen, wofür als besonders klares BeispielAegilops tauschii mit seinem Einfluß auf die hexaploiden Weizenarten und auf die SektionVertebrata der GattungAegilops zu nennen ist. Innerhalb der GattungTriticum konnte eine Beziehung der Weizenarten mit einem G-Genom zu den diploiden Arten dieser Gattung durch Merkmale aller Organe belegt werden, während mit den übrigen Weizenarten weniger Ähnlichkeit besteht. Ein Merkmal im Halmbereich gibt sogar einen Hinweis auf die mögliche Beteiligung vonTriticum urartu an der Evolution der Weizenarten mit dem G-Genom. Nach Blatt- und Spelzenmerkmalen lassen sich die meisten tetraploidenTriticum- Sippen. mit einem AB-Genom zwei verschiedenen Gruppen zuordnen. Die diploiden Weizenarten erwiesen sich als gut charakterisierbare Gruppe. Echte anatomische Unterschiede zwischen Wild- und Kulturweizen bestehen nur in Bezug auf die Brüchigkeit der Ährenspindel. Innerhalb der GattungAegilops stehen sich die SektionenSitopsis undAmblyopyrum sehr nahe und sind auch denTriticum- Sippen viel ähnlicher als die übrigen Vertreter ihrer Gattung. Ein genauerer Hinweis auf den möglichen Donor des B-Genoms läßt sich aber anhand der anatomischen Merkmale nicht geben. Im gesamten Verwandtschaftskreis vonTriticum undAegkilops nur einmal auftretende Merkmale sind sehr selten, jedoch gibt es in mehreren Gruppen relativ isoliert stehende Arten. Zahlreiche anatomische Merkmale sind durch eine so große infraspezifische Variationsbreite gekennzeichnet, daß sie keine phylogenetische Aussage erlauben.

Summary

The anatomical characters of the root, culm, leaf lamina, ear rhachis, glume, palea, flower and caryopsis of 46Triticum andAegilops species were examined on the basis of coloured sections, made by hand or by microtome. Due to the smaller organ sizes ofAegilops also the cell sizes are mostly reduced in this genus. Often distinct character proved to be correlated with distinct ploidy levels. In some instances we were able to find a clear influence of distinct species or genomes on the characters of their alloploid taxa, e. g. an influence ofAegilops tauschii on the characters of the hexaploid wheat species and on the remaining species of sectionVertebrata ofAegilops. We found characters in all organs which point to a connection betweenTriticum species with genome G and the diploid wheats. The degree of similiarity to the other wheat species is much less strongly. One anatomical character of the culm indicates even a possible contribution ofTriticum urartu to the evolution of the wheat species with genome G. Most of the tetraploid species ofTriticum, genome AB, can be arranged into two different groups by means of leaf and glume characters. The diploid wheat species are a well characterized group. We were not able to find real anatomical differences between wild and cultivated wheat species besides the brittle ear rhachis. Within the genusAegilops the species of the sectionsSitopsis andAmblyopyrum resemble one another and theTriticum species much more than the other species ofAegilops. By anatomical characters it is not possible to indicate exactly the donor of genome B. Characters, which can be found only one time within the genera studied, are very seldom, but rather isolated species occur in several groups. Many anatomical characters are so variable even within the same species, that these characters can not be evaluated in phylogenetic respect.

Краткое содержание

У 46 видовTriticum иAegilops на окраш енных ручных и микрот омных срезах проводились а натомические исслед ования корней, стеблей, листо вых пластинок, колосовых стержней, плёнок, цвет ков и зерновок. Более мелки е размеры клеток уAegilops бы ли часто обусловлены более мелкими размерами побеговых органов. Ча сто встречались такж е признаки, коррелирующие со степенью плоидности. В некоторых случаях м ожно было показать влияние определенных видов и ли геномов на выражен ие признака аллополиплоидных форм; особенно хороши м примером здесь може т служитьAegilops tauschii с его четким влиянием на гексаплоидные вид ы пшениц и на секциюVertebrata рода Aegilops. Внутри родаTriticum с вязь видов пшеницы, не сущих геном G, с диплоидными видами этого рода могла быть показана на признаках всех органов, в то время как с прочими видами пшен ицы они имеют мало сходства. Один из признаков сте бля может даже служит ь указанием на участиеTriticum urartu в эволюции видов пше ницы, обладающих гено мом G. По признакам листа и плёнок больши нство тетраплоидных формTriticum, несущих геном AB, можно отнести к двум различным групп ам. Диплоидные виды пшеницы оказались гр уппой, которую можно х орошо охарактеризовать. На стоящие анатомические разли чия между дикорастущ ими и культурными пшеница ми наблюдаются только п о признаку ломкости к олосового стержня. Внутри родаAegilops особенно близк и друг другу секции Sitopsis иAmblyopyrum; эти секции имеют такж е значительно больше е сходство с формамиTriticum, чем прочие представи тели их рода. Сколько-н ибудь точного указания на в озможного донора генома В, при по мощи анатомических п ризнаков, сделать не удается. Признаки, вст речающиеся только од ин раз во всем многообразии родственных формTritcum иAegilops — очень редки, однак о, во многих группах существуют в иды, относительно хор ошо изолированные. Очень большое число анатомических признаков отличаетс я настолько сильной внутривидов ой изменчивостью, что о н их нельзя сделать ник аких филогенетических заключений.

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  1. Reinhard Fritsch
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  2. Joachim Kruse
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  3. Harald Ohle
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Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c.Hans Stubbe zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Fritsch, R., Kruse, J., Ohle, H. et al. Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen im Verwandtschaftskreis vonTriticum L. undAegilops L. (Gramineae). Die Kulturpflanze 25, 155–265 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02014811

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