Abstract
The evidence is reviewed to support the concept that many disruptive, childhood and adolescent behavioral disorders including ADHD, Tourette syndrome, learning disabilities, substance abuse, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are part of a spectrum of inter-related behaviors that have a strong genetic component, are polygenically inherited, share a number of genes in common that affect dopamine, serotonin and other neurotransmitters, and are transmitted from both parents. Some of the implications of this hypothesis in relation to diagnosis and treatment are reviewed, including the possibility that the genes involved may be increasing in frequency.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wilson, JR: Individual differences in drug response. In:Biological Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 89, eds Pickens, RW, Svikis, DS. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. Health and Human Services, 1988, pp 93–107.
Plomin, R, Owen, MJ, Mcguffin, P: The genetic basis of complex human behaviors.Science 264:1733–1739, 1994.
Blouin, AGA, Bornstein, RA, Trites, RL: Teenage alcohol use among hyperactive children: A five year study.J Pediatr Psychol 3:188–194, 1978.
Cantwell, DP: Psychiatric illness in the families of hyperactive children.Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:414–417, 1972.
Tarter, RE: Are there inherited behavioral traits that predispose to substance abuse?J Consult Clin Psychol 56:189–196, 1988.
Comings, DE: The genetics of addictive behaviors. The role of childhood behavioral disorders.Addiction & Recovery 11:13–16, 1991.
Comings, DE: Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and relatives. II. Alcohol abuse.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 35:17–24, 1994.
Comings, DE: Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and relatives. I. Drug abuse.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 35:1–16, 1994.
Cook, EH, Stein, MA, Krasowski, MD, et al: Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.Am J Hum Genet 56:993–998, 1995.
Comings, DE, Wu, H, Chiu, C, Ring, RH, Dietz, G, Muhleman, D: Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, ADHD, conduct and oppositional definant disorder: The Additive and Subtractive Effect of the three dopaminergic genes—DRD2, DbH and DAT1.Am J Med Gen (Neuropsych Genet) 67:264–288, 1996.
Benjamin, J, Paterson, C, Greenberg, B, Murphy, DL, Hamer, D: Dopamine D4 rceptor gene association with normal personality traits.Psychiat Genet 5:S36, 1995.
Novick, O, Ebstein, R, Umansky, R, Priel, B, Osher, Y, Belmaker, RH: D-4 receptor polymorphism associated with personality variation in normals.Psychiat Genet 5:S36, 1995.
Comings, DE, Gade, R, Muhleman, D, MacMurray, J: Role of the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor gene in Tourette syndrome and conduct.Psychiatric Genetics 6:166, 1996.
Comings, DE, Muhleman, D, Gade, R, et al: Exon and intron mutations in the human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase gene and their potential association with Tourette syndrome, substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6:307–318, 1966.
Gade, R, Muhlemann, D, MacMurray, J, Comings, DE: Monamine oxidase gene variants in Tourette syndrome.Psychiatric Genetics 6:168, 1996.
Price, RA, Kidd, KK, Cohen, DJ, Pauls, DL, Leckman, JF: A twin study of Tourette syndrome.Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:815–820, 1985.
Stevenson, J, Pennington, BF, Gilger, JW, DeFries, JC, Gillis, JJ: Hyperactivity and spelling disability: Testing for shared genetic aetiology.J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34:1137–1152, 1993.
Stevenson, J: Evidence for a genetic etiology in hyperactivity.Behav Genet 22:337–344, 1992.
Comings, DE:Search for the Tourette Syndrome and Human Behavior Genes. Hope Press, 1996.
Comings, DE: Tourette syndrome: A hereditary neuropsychiatric spectrum disorder.Ann Clin Psychiatry 6:235–247, 1995.
Biederman, J, Newcorn, J, Sprich, S: Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders.Am J Psychiatry 148:564–577, 1991.
Robins, LN, Helzer, J, Croughan, J, Ratclif, KS: National Institutes of Health diagnostic interview schedule.Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:381–389, 1981.
Robins, LN, Helzer, JE, Weissman, MM, et al: Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites.Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:949–958, 1984.
Klerman, GL, Weissman, MM: Increasing rates of depression.J Am Med Assn 261:2229–2235, 1989.
Cross-National Collaborative Group: The Changing Rate of Major Depression.J Am Med Assn 268:3098–3105, 1992.
Comings, DE:The Gene Bomb. Do Technologically Advanced Societies Accererate the Selection of Genes for Learning Disorders, ADHD, Addictive and Disruptive Behaviors? Duarte, CA: Hope Press, 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported in part by the National Institutes of Drug Abuse grant RO1-DA08417 and Tobacco Related Research Disease Program grant 4RT-0110.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Comings, D.E. Genetic aspects of childhood behavioral disorders. Child Psych Hum Dev 27, 139–150 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02353694
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02353694