References
Stower MJ, Hardcastle JD (1985) Five year survival of patients with colorectal cancer treated in a regional hospital. Eur J Clin Oncol 11:119–123
Clarke DN, Jones P, Needham CD (1980) Outcome in colorectal carcinoma; seven year study of a population. Br Med J 1:431–435
Gill PG, Morris PJ (1978) The survival of patients with colorectal cancer treated in a regional hospital. Br J Surg 65:17–20
Morson BC (1974) The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med 67:451–457
Pierson RN Jr, Holt PR, Watson RM, et al. (1961) Aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding: chromate 51 blood loss studies. Am J Med 31:259–265
Schwartz S, Ellefson M (1985) Quantitative fecal recovery of ingested Hemoglobin-heme in blood: comparison by HemoQuant assay with ingested meat and fish. Gastroenterology 89:19–26
Macrae FA, St John DJB (1982) Relationship between patterns of bleeding and Hemoccult sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancers or adenomas. Gastroenterology 82:891–898
Herzog P, Holtermüller KH, Preiss J, et al. (1982) Fecal blood loss in patients with colonic polyps: a comparison of measurements with51chromium-labeled erythrocytes and with the Hemoccult test. Gastroenterology 83:957–962
Doran J, Hardcastle JD (1982) Bleeding patterns in colorectal cancer: the effect of aspirin and implications for faecal occult blood testing. Br J Surg 69:711–713
Winawer SJ, Andrews M, Flehinger B, Sherlock P, Schotten-feld D, Miller DG (1980) Progress report on controlled trial of fecal occult blood testing for the detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 45:2959–2964
Williams CB, Macrae FA, Bartram CB (1982) A prospective study of diagnostic methods in adenoma follow-up. Endoscopy 3:74–78
Caligiore P, Macrae FA, St John DJB, Rayner L, Legge JW (1982) Peroxidase levels in food: relevance to colorectal cancer screening. Am J Clin Nutr 35:1487–1489
Macrae FA, St John DJB, Caligiore P, Taylor L, Legge JW (1982) Optimal dietary conditions for Hemoccult testing. Gastroenterology 82:899–903
Songster CL, Barrows GH, Jarrett DD (1980) Immunochemical detection of faecal occult blood — a faecal smear punchdisc test. A new non-invasive screening test for colorectal cancer. Cancer 40:1099–1102
Williams JAR, Hunter R, Smith M, Coles ME, Hubert TW, Thomas DW (1982) Evaluation of an immunological test for occult bleeding from colorectal neoplasia. Aust N Z J Surg 52:617–621
McDonald C, Burford Y, Walls R, Goulston K (1985) Immunochemical testing for faecal occult blood in patients with colorectal cancer. Med J Aust 143:141–142
Vellacott KD, Baldwin RW, Hardcaste JD (1981) An immunofluorescent test for faecal occult blood. Lancet 1:18–19
Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Schwartz S, Taylor WF, Owen RA (1985) Fecal blood levels in health and disease. A study using HemoQuant. N Engl J Med 312:1422–1428
Causes of deaths 1981 (1983) Official statistics of Sweden, National Central Bureau of Statistics Stockholm
Ekelund G, Carlsson U, Janzon L (1985) The feasibility of large scale population screening. Br J Surg 72 (Suppl) 71–72
Tabár L, Gad A, Homberg LA, Ljungquist U, Fagerberg CJG, Baldetorp L, Gröntoft O, Lundström B, Månsson JC, Eklund G, Day NE, Pettersson F (1985) Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography. Lancet 1:189–832
Kronborg O (1984) Mass screening for colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:1–5
SPRI-rapport 122 (1983) SPRI, Stockholm
Cancer Incidence in Sweden 1981 (1984). National Board on Health and Wellfare. The Cancer Registry, Stockholm
Cancer Incidence in Southern Sweden 1978–1982 (1984). Southern Swedish Regional Tumour Registry, Lund
Ekelund G (1980) Cancer risk with single and multiple adenomas: synchronous and metachronous tumours. In: Winawer S, Schottenfeld D, Sherlock P (eds) Colorectal cancer: prevention, epidemiology and screening. Raven Press, New York, pp 151–155
Herwig E (1975) Krankheitsfrüherkennung Krebs — Frauen und Männer. Aufbereitung und Interpretation der Untersuchungsergebnisse aus den gesetzlichen Früherkennungsmaßnahmen 1972. Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Zentralinstituts für die kassenärztliche Versorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band 1. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Cologne
Schwartz F-W, Holstein H, Brecht JG (1979) Kolorektale Krebsfrüherkennung mittels Nachweis von okkultem Blut im Stuhl — Erste Ergebnisse. Teilauswertung der Ergebnisse im Rahmen des gesetzlichen Früherkennungsprogramms in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1977. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 76: 1223–1228
Brecht JG, Robra BP, Schwartz FW (1984) Ergebnisse des kolorektalen Screenings im Rahmen des gesetzlichen Krebsfrüherkennungsprogramms 1981. In: Frühmorgen P (ed) Prävention und Früherkennung des kolorektalen Karzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 229–235
National Institutes of Health (ed) (1979) Screening and early detection of colorectal cancer: Consensus Development Conference. Proceedings, June 26–28, 1978. NIH Publication No. 80–2075
American Cancer Society (ed) (1980) Guidelines for the cancer — related checkup: recommendations and rationale. CA 30:194–240
Gnauck R (1980) The effect of Haemoccult-screening. In: Goerttler K (ed) Early detection of colorectal cancer. Wachtholz, Nürnberg, pp 72–80
Dales LG, Friedmann GD, Ramacharan S, et al. (1973) Multiphasic Checkup Evaluation Study. 3. Outpatient clinic utilization, hospitalization, and mortality experience after seven years. Prev Med 2 221–235
Robra B-P, Brecht JG, Wagner P, Schwartz FW (1984) Regionale Analyse der Beteiligung am „gesetzlichen“ Krebsfrüherkennungsprogramm in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1981. Öffentl Gesundh-Wes 46:499–503
Robra B-P, Schwartz FW (1986) Experiences with a nationwide screening programme for colorectal cancer in the Federal Republic of Germany. (in press)
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H (1982) (ed) Epidemiologic research. Principles and quantitative methods. Lifetime Learning Publications, Belmont
Blum U, Ungeheuer E, Cappel J (1984) Sind aus chirurgischer Sicht durch Screeninguntersuchung beim kolorektalen Karzinom günstigere Tumorstadien zu erfassen? In: Frühmorgen P (ed) Prävention und Früherkennung des kolorektalen Karzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 201–206
Eddy DM (1980) Screening for cancer — theory, analysis and design. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Gnauck R (1980) World Health Organization Criteria for Screening. Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Epidemiology and Screening. Raven Press, New York
Ribet A, Escourrou J, Frexinos J, Delpu J (1980) Screening for colorectal tumors. Results of two years experience. Cancer detection and prevention. 3:449–461
Gilbertsen VA, McHugh R, Schuman L, et al. (1980) The earlier detection of colorectal cancers: a preliminary report of the results of the occult blood study. Cancer 45:2899
Taylor WF, Fontana RS (1972) Biometrie design of the Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 30:1344–1347
Schork MH, Remington R (1967) Determination of the number of subjects needed for experimental epidemiologic studies of the effect of increased physical activity on the incidence of coronary heart disease: Preliminary considerations. In: Karvonen MJ, Berry AJ (eds) Physical activity of the heart, Chapter 25. Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Stroehlein JR, Fairbanks VF, Go VLW, et al. (1976) Hemoccult stool tests: false negative results due to storage of specimens. Mayo Clin Proc 51:548–552
Wells HJ, Pagano JF (1977) “Hemoccult” test: reversal of false negative results due to storage. Gastroenterology 72:1148
Gilbertsen VA, Williams SE, Schuman L, McHugh R (1979) Colonoscopy in the detection of carcinoma of the intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 149:877
Winchester DP, Shull JH, Scanlon EF, et al. (1980) A mass screening program for colorectal cancer using chemical testing for occult blood in the stool. Cancer 45:2955–2958
Sontag SJ, Durczak C, Aranha GV, et al. (1983) Fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in a Veterans Administration hospital. Am J Surg 145:89–93
Hardcastle JD, Farrands PA, Balfour TW, et al. (1983) Controlled trial of faecal occult blood testing in the detection of colorectal cancer. Lancet 2:1–4
Simon JB (1985) Occult blood screening for colorectal carcinoma: a critical review. Gastroenterology 88:820–837
Cole P, Morrison AS (1980) Basic issues in population screening for cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:1263–1272
Dickinson JA (1982) Biases in the assessment of colorectal cancer screening programmes using Hemoccult. Aust NZ J Surg 52:622–625
Irons GV Jr, Kirsner JB (1965) Routine chemical tests of the stool for occult blood: an evaluation. Am J Med Sci 249: 247–260
Fleisher M, Schwartz MK, Winawer SJ (1977) The falsenegative Hemoccult test. Gastroenterology 72:782–784
Lifton LJ, Kreiser J (1982) False-positive stool occult blood tests caused by iron preparations. A controlled study and review of literature. Gastroenterology 83:860–863
Jaffe RM, Kasten B, Young DS, et al. (1975) False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ann Intern Med 83:824–826
Heinrich HC, Igačić F (1980) Comparative studies on the “in vivo”-sensitivity of four commercial pseudoperoxidase-based faecal occult blood tests in relation to actual blood losses as calculated from whole body-59Fe-elimination rates. Klin Wochenschr 58:1283–1297
Adlercreutz H, Partanen P, Virkola P, et al. (1984) Five guaiac-based tests for occult blood in faeces compared in vitro and in vivo. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 44:519–528
Turunen MJ, Liewendahl K, Partanen P, et al. (1984) Immunological detection of faecal occult blood in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 49:141–148
Stroehlein JR, Fairbanks VF, McGill DB, et al. (1976) Hemoccult detection of fecal occult blood quantitated by radioassay. Dig Dis 21:841–844
Crowley ML, Freeman LD, Mottet MD, et al. (1983) Sensitivity of guaiac-impregnated cards for the detection of colorectal neoplasia. J Clin Gastroenterol 5:127–130
Miller SF, Knight AR (1977) The early detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer 40:945–949
Elwood TW, Erickson A, Lieberman S (1978) Comparative educational approaches to screening for colorectal cancer. Am J Public Health 68:135–138
Winawer SJ, Sherlock P (1982) Surveillance for colorectal cancer in average-risk patients, familial high-risk groups, and patients with adenomas. Cancer 50:2609–2614
Hastings JB (1974) Mass screening for colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 127:228–233
Sterchi JM (1979) Screening for colorectal cancer. South Med J 72:1144–1146
Bralow SP, Kopel J (1979) Hemoccult screening for colorectal cancer. An impact study on Sarasota, Florida. J Fla Med Assoc 66:915–919
Norfleet RG, Roberts RC (1983) Hemoccult screening for colorectal neoplasms. Report of a mail-out project without dietary restriction in a prepaid helath plan. Wisconsin Med J 82:23–26
Holliday HW, Hardcastle JD (1979) Delay in diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 1:309–311
Farrands PA, Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain J, Moss S (1984) Factors affecting compliance with screening for colorectal cancer. Community Medicine 6:12–19
Chisholm EM, Giles GR (1984) The role of a symptom questionnaire combined with faecal occult blood studies in large bowel cancer screening. Br J Surg 71:A896
Armitage NC, Farrands PA, Macott KD, Hardcastle JD (1984) Faecal occult blood screening in symptomatic patients in general practice. Gut 25(10): A1171–1172
Barrows GH, Burton RM, Jarrett DD, Russell GG, Alford MD, Songster CL (1978) Immunochemical detection of human blood in faeces. Am J Clin Pathol 69:342
Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Schwartz S, Taylor WF, Ellefson M, Owen RA (1984) HemoQuant, a new quantitative assay for fecal hemoglobin. Ann Intern Med 101:297–302
Macrae FA, St John DJB (1982) Relationship between patterns of bleeding and Haemoccult sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancer or adenomas. Gastroenterology 82: 891–898
Farrands PA, Hardcastle JD (1983) Accuracy of occult blood tests over a six-day period. Clin Oncol 9:217–225
Hardcastle JD, Armitage NC, Chamberlain JC, Balfour TW, Amar SS (1985) A control trial of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer: 2 year results. Br J Surg 72:S69
Hardcastle JD, Armitage NC, Chamberlain JC, Amar SS, James PD, Balfour TW (1986) Faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. Results of a controlled trial. Cancer (in press)
Armitage NC, Hardcastle JD, Amar SS, Balfour TW, Haynes J, James PD (1985) A comparison of an immunological faecal occult blood test Fecatwin Sensitive/Feca EIA with Haemoccult in population screening for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 51:799–80415
Miller SF, Knight R (1977) The early detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer 40:945–949
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macrae, F., Ekelund, G., Robra, B.P. et al. Screening for colorectal cancer. Int J Colorect Dis 1, 63–78 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01648410
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01648410