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Operative treatment of symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis in young patients: direct repair of the defect or segmental spinal fusion?

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Résumé

Les résultats obtenus chez 23 patients présentant une spondylolyse symptomatique ou un spondylolisthésis isthmique discret et traités par la méthode de reconstruction isthmique de Scott, ont été analysés en portant une attention particulière à la mobilité rachidienne et à l'état des disques intervertébraux. Ils ont été comparés aux résultats obtenus chez 25 autres patients traités par greffe segmentaire postéro-latérale sans instrumentation. Les deux groupes étaient comparables quant à l'âge au moment de l'opération (17.4 ans ±5.7 contre 15.6±2.6), à la durée du suivi postopératoire (54±8 mois contre 54±25), au sexe, et aux signes subjectifs préopératoires. Le glissement vertébral préopératoire moyen était plus élevé dans le groupe qui a été fusionné (7.2 mm ±8.4 contre 13.1±4, P=0.003). L'évaluation des suites a été réalisée par un observateur indépendant. Elle a comporté une entrevue, le questionnaire Oswestry, la représentation de la douleur sur une échelle d'intensité, l'examen physique, des radiographies standard, une IRM et un testing fonctionnel (mobilité du rachis lombaire, force de soulèvement statique). Pour l'analyse statistique on a utilisé le t-test de Student, le test du chi-2, et le t-test apparié. Lors du suivi, 87% du groupe S (Scott) et 96% du groupe F (fusion) présentaient des douleurs occasionnelles, sans incidence sur les activités quotidiennes, ou pas de douleurs du tout. Il n'y avait pas de différence statistique dans les résultats subjectifs, cliniques ou fonctionnels, entre les deux groupes de patients opérés. Les radiographies standard montraient dans les deux groupes une perte significative de la hauteur discale du segment opéré lors du suivi, indiquant la progression post-opératoire de la dégénérescence discale. Sur les radio-graphies en flexion/extension, l'amplitude totale du mouvement dans les trois derniers segments lombaires était un peu plus importante après reconstruction. Cette différence n'était pas significative. Sur les IRM il n'y avait pas de différence statistique de l'index d'hydratation discale entre les deux groupes. L'état du disque situé au dessus de la fusion n'était pas plus mauvais par rapport aux disques correspondants situés au-dessus de la reconstruction. Il n'y avait pas de corrélation entre les signes discaux pathologiques à l'IRM et le résultat clinique obtenu. Il est conclu que dans un petit groupe de jeunes patients, les résultats précoces sont satisfaisants dans la majorité des cas après la reconstruction de la lyse aussi bien qu'après la fusion segmentaire. Au point actuel de la surveillance postopératoire il est impossible de préciser lequel des deux procédés devrait être préféré pour le traitement opératoire de ces situations chez les patients jeunes. La réparation directe des isthmes ne protège pas le disque du segment lytique/olisthésique d'une dégénérescence ultérieure. Les modifications pathologiques du disque à l'IRM devraient être interprétées avec précaution parce que leur valeur clinique n'est pas encore clairement établie.

Summary

The results of 23 patients with symptomatic spondylolysis or mild isthmic spondylolisthesis treated by Scott's direct repair of the defect (secclusion) were analyzed with particular reference to spinal mobility and the condition of the intervertebral discs, and compared with the outcome of 25 patients treated by posterolateral segmental fusion without instrumentation. The two groups were comparable as to age at operation (17.4±5.7 vs. 15.6±2.6 years), follow-up time (54±8 vs. 54±25 months), gender, and preoperative subjective symptoms. The mean preoperative vertebral slip was greater in the fusion group (7.2±8.4 vs. 13.1±4, P=0.003). The follow-up assessment was carried out by an independent observer. It included an interview, Oswestry questionnaire, pain scale drawing, physical examination, plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional testing (lumbar spine mobility, static lifting power). For statistical analysis, the Student's t-test, the x2 test, and the paired t-test were used. At follow-up, 87% of the Scott's group and 96% of the fusion group had occasional pain, not interfering with daily activities, or no pain at all. There was no statistical difference in the subjective, clinical, or functional outcome between the two operation groups. Plain radiographs in both groups showed significant loss of disc height in the operated segment during follow-up, indicating post-operative progression of disc degeneration. In flexion/extension radiographs the total range of movement in the three lowermost lumbar segments was slightly greater after secclusion. This difference was not significant. In MRI there was no statistical difference in disc hydration index between the two groups. The condition of the disc above the fusion was not worse than that of the corresponding disc above the secclusion. There was no correlation between pathologic disc findings in MRI and clinical outcome. It is concluded that in a small group of young patients the early results both after direct repair of the defect and after segmental fusion are satisfactory in the majority of cases. At this point of follow-up it is impossible to say which of the two procedures should be preferred for operative treatment of this condition in young patients. Direct repair does not protect the disc of the lytic/olisthetic segment from further degeneration. Pathologic disc changes in MRI should be interpreted with caution because their clinical relevance is still unclear.

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Schlenzka, D., Seitsalo, S., Poussa, M. et al. Operative treatment of symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis in young patients: direct repair of the defect or segmental spinal fusion?. Eur Spine J 2, 104–112 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302712

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