Abstract
The influence of salinity and temperature on various life processes of Artemia salina (L.) from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA, was investigated. Hatching rate, hatching success, energetics and metabolism of hatching, growth rate, maturation rate and reproductive rate were measured at all combinations of 4 temperature levels (10°, 15°, 20°, 30°C) and 4 salinity levels (5, 15, 32, 70‰S). Optimal temperature-salinity combinations differ for different life cycle stages and parameters. The hatching rate rises with increased temperature and sinks with increased salinity. Hatching success is optimal at 20°C and 32‰S. Larval growth is best at 30°C and 15‰S; however, the maximum growth is attained at 20°C and 32‰S. Maturation rate, onset of reproduction, interval between clutches as well as the total number of offspring are primarily influenced by temperature, whereas the clutch size is a function of salinity. As the temperature is lowered, the capacity to survive low salinities is decreased. At low temperature, reproduction is only possible at high salinity. The energy consumption of the hatching embryo is primarily determined by the salinity level of the medium and is directly proportional to it. Carbohydrate consumption is under all conditions greatest by weight, but measured by its caloric contribution the relative importance decreases with increased energy drain. Additional energy requirements, particularly during the later stages of hatching, are met by raising fat and protein metabolism, fat being the main energy reserve.
Zusammenfassung
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1.
Die Einwirkung von Salzgehalt und Temperatur auf verschiedene Lebensprozesse von Artemia salina (L.) aus dem Großen Salzsee, Utah, USA, wurde untersucht in 16 Faktorkombinationen: 5; 15; 32; 70‰S und 10°; 15°; 20°; 30°C. Als Futter wurde der Phytoflagellat Dunaliella tertiolecta verwendet. Die Untersuchungen befaßten sich mit Schlüpfrate, Schlüpferfolg, Energiebilanz und Stoffwechsel des Schlüpfprozesses, Wachstumsrate, Maturationsrate und Reproduktionsrate.
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2.
Die Schlüpfrate wird durch erhöhte Temperatur beschleunigt, durch erhöhte Salinität vermindert.
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3.
Der Schlüpferfolg ist optimal bei 20°C und 32‰ S; in den beiden Salzgehaltsstufen 15 und 70‰ war er jedoch nur geringfügig schlechter, ebenso bei 30°C in 15, 32 und 70‰S.
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4.
Zwischen 20° und 15°C und unterhalb 15‰S vermindert sich die Schlüpfrate erheblich.
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5.
Mit steigender Temperatur nimmt die Wachstumsrate bis 20°C zu und fällt dann wieder leicht ab.
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6.
Mit steigendem Salzgehlt verbessert sich das Wachstum bis 32‰S und fällt dann wieder leicht ab.
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7.
Das Wachstumsoptimum bei 32‰S und 20°C bezieht sich nur auf heranwachsende Individuen. larven gedeihen besser bei 15‰S und 30°C. Weibliche A. salina werden größer und sind von Umweltbedingungen stärker beeinflußbar als männliche.
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8.
Mit fallender Temperatur vermindert sich die Fähigkeit, in geringer Salinität zu leben. Nur bei hohem Salzgehalt konnten sich die Tiere trotz niedriger Temperatur fortpflanzen.
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9.
Die Zeit bis zur Geschlechtsreife ist abhängig von der Temperatur, kaum aber vom Salzgehalt.
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10.
Die Zeitspannen bis zum Ablegen des ersten Geleges und die Intervalle zwischen den folgenden Eiablagen werden mit zunehmender Temperatur verkürzt, durch zunehmenden Salzgehalt geringfügig verlängert.
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11.
Bei höheren Salzgehalten sind die Gelege größer als bei niedrigeren; unterhalb 20°C vermindert sich die Gelegegröße.
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12.
Die Nachkommenschaft pro Weibchen steigt mit zunehmender Temperatur. Unterhalb 32‰S nimmt die Nachkommenzahl ab.
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13.
Zwischen Umweltbedingungen und Zystenbildung konnte kein ursächlicher Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Dauer- und Subitaneier, wie auch Nauplien, wurden unter gleichen Versuchsbedingungen produziert. Nur bei 10°C und 70‰S kam es ausschließlich zur Produktion von Nauplien.
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14.
Fortpflanzung und Fortpflanzungsrate werden durch nicht-genetische Adaptation nicht merklich beeinflußt.
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15.
Biochemische und kalorimetrische Untersuchungen wurden an Zysten, Schalen und Nauplien durchgeführt. Die Embryonalentwicklung fand ebenfalls bei verschiedenen Salzgehalts-Temperatur-Kombinationen statt. Da der Embryo energiemäßig ein geschlossenes System darstellt, waren Unterschiede im Verbrauch einzelner biochemischer Komponenten auf die verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen zurückzuführen.
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16.
Mit steigendem Salzgehalt, und zu einem geringeren Ausmaß mit fallender Temperatur, steigt der Energieverbrauch und dabei fällt das Gewicht des Nauplius.
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17.
Der Kohlehydratverbrauch ist unter allen Bedingungen gewichtsmäßig am größten, doch der energiemäßige Anteil an der Gesamtbilanz verringert sich mit zunehmendem Energieverbrauch.
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18.
Der zusätzliche Energiebedarf wird durch zunehmenden Stoffwechsel von Fetten und Proteinen gedeckt, wobei Fett als Hauptenergiereserve zu betrachten ist.
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19.
Zwei grundlegend verschiedene Phasen des Schlüpfvorgangs unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des Stoffwechselsubstrats. In der ersten Phase wird vorwiegend Kohlehydrat metabolisiert, in der zweiten dagegen vorwiegend Fett und Protein.
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20.
Die Optimalkombinationen von Salzgehalt und Temperatur sind je nach den biologischen Kriterien und für die verschiedenen Stadien des Lebenszyklus verschieden.
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Communicated by O. Kinne, Hamburg
Diese Dissertation wurde der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Hamburg als eine der Voraussetzungen zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde vorgelegt.
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von Hentig, R. Einfluß von salzgehalt und temperatur auf entwicklung, wachstum, fortpflanzung und energiebilanz von Artemia salina . Marine Biology 9, 145–182 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00348253
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00348253