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Neutrophil function and host resistance

Neutrophilen-Funktion und Körperabwehr

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Summary

The part played by the phagocytic cells against invading pathogens has been known since the work ofMetchnikoff nearly a century ago. This review deals primarily with the role of the neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte in host defense against microbial infections. The overall function of these cells in protection from infection is dependent on a number of steps. First, an adequate number of functionally mature neutrophils have to be produced and released into the circulation by the bone marrow. Cells must circulate normally and be capable of adhering to capillary and venule walls overlying inflammatory sites. The next step involves the exit of phagocytes from the blood stream through the capillary wall and emigration into the tissues to establish contact with the invading pathogens. This process is accomplished by the locomotive characteristics of these cells and chemotaxis. Most organisms must then be phagocytized to be killed. Two discrete phases are involved in phagocytosis; the “recognition” and attachment phase followed by the ingestion phase. After phagocytosis a series of coordinated morphologic and biochemical events are set into motion which leads to eventual death and lysis of the ingested microbes. A variety of antimicrobial mechanisms are involved in this final step and indicate that these cells have an appreciable reserve capacity if one mechanism is impaired. Recent evidence which clarifies mechanisms involved in all these stages is discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Die Rolle, die die phagozytierenden Zellen gegen eindringende Pathogene spielen, ist seit den Arbeiten von Metchnikoff vor fast einem Jahrhundert bekannt. Diese Übersicht befaßt sich in erster Linie mit der Rolle der neutrophilen polymorphkernigen Granulozyten in der Abwehr des Körpers gegen mikrobielle Infektionen. Die Gesamtfunktion dieser Zellen bei der Infektabwehr hängt von einer Reihe von Schritten ab. Erstens muß eine entsprechende Anzahl von funktionell reifen Neutrophilen gebildet und vom Knochenmark in den Kreislauf ausgeschüttet werden. Die Zellen müssen normal zirkulieren und fähig sein, an Kapillaren- oder Venolenwänden, die Entzündungsherden anliegen, zu haften. Der nächste Schritt betrifft den Austritt von Phagozyten aus dem Blutstrom durch die Kapillarwand und das Auswandern in die Gewebe, um einen Kontakt mit den eindringenden Pathogenen herzustellen. Dieser Vorgang wird durch die lokomotorischen Eigenschaften dieser Zellen und durch Chemotaxis verwirklicht. Die meisten Keime müssen dann phagozytiert werden, damit sie getötet werden. Zwei verschiedene Phasen sind in den Phagozytosevorgang eingeschlossen: die Phase der „Erkennung“ und die Adhäsion, der die Phase der Ingestion folgt. Nach der Phagozytose wird eine Reihe von koordinierten morphologischen und biochemischen Schritten in Bewegung gesetzt, die möglicherweise zum Tod und zur Lyse der aufgenommenen Mikroben führen. Eine Vielfalt von antimikrobiellen Mechanismen ist an diesem letzten Schritt beteiligt, und damit ist gezeigt, daß diese Zellen eine beachtliche Reservekapazität haben, wenn ein Mechanismus gestört ist. Neue Erkenntnisse, die die Mechanismen aufklären, die an allen diesen Schritten beteiligt sind, werden diskutiert.

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  1. Infectious Disease Section, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 06510, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    B. Zakhireh,  L. H. Block &  R. K. Root

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Zakhireh, B., Block, L.H. & Root, R.K. Neutrophil function and host resistance. Infection 7, 88–98 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01641619

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