Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

λ Repressor and cro—components of an efficient molecular switch

Abstract

In a lysogen, most genes of phage λ are repressed; in response to a transient induction signal, they are efficiently switched on. The switch, which consists in part of a tripartite operator to which two regulatory proteins bind, depends not only on DNA–protein interactions, but also on effects transmitted from one DNA-bound protein to another. λ exemplifies a strategy that facilitates efficient switching between two physiological states in response to a transient signal.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ptashne, M. et al. Cell 19, 1–11 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Meyer, B. J., Kleid, D. G. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4785–4789 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Johnson, A., Meyer, B. J. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1783–1787 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Johnson, A., Meyer, B. J. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5061–5065 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Maurer, R., Meyer, B. J. & Ptashne, M. J. molec. Biol. 139, 147–161 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Meyer, B. J., Maurer, R. & Ptashne, M. J. molec. Biol. 139, 163–194 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Meyer, B. J. & Ptashne, M. J. molec. Biol. 139, 195–205 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chadwick, P., Pirrotta, V., Steinberg, R., Hopkins, N. & Ptashne, M. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 35, 283–294 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pirrotta, V., Chadwick, P. & Ptashne, M. Nature 227, 41–44 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sauer, R. T. thesis, Harvard Univ. (1979)

  11. Pabo, C. O., Sauer, R. T., Sturtevant, J. M. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. U.S.A. 76, 1608–1612 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sauer, R. T., Pabo, C. O., Meyer, B. J., Ptashne, M. & Backman, K. C. Nature 279, 396–400 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Johnson, A. D., Pabo, C. O. & Sauer, R. T. Meth. Enzym. 65, 839–856 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brack, C. & Pirrotta, V. J. molec. Biol. 96, 139–152 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McClure, W. R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 5634–5638 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hawley, D. K. & McClure, W. R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 6381–6385 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chamberlin, M. J. in RNA Polymerase (eds Chamberlin, M. J. & Losick, R. ) 17–67 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Maniatis, T. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1531–1535 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McCann, J. & Ames, B. N. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 950–954 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Witkin, E. M. Bact. Rev. 40, 869–907 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Gottesman, S. Cell 23, 1–2 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Roberts, J. W., Roberts, C. W. & Craig, N. L. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4714–4718 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Roberts, J. W. & Roberts, C. W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 147–151 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bailone, A., Levine, A. & Devoret, R. J. molec. Biol. 131, 553–572 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maniatis, T., Ptashne, M. & Maurer, R. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 38, 857–868 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Johnson, A. D. thesis, Harvard Univ. (1980).

  27. Takeda, Y., Folkmanis, A. & Echols, H. J. biol. Chem. 252, 6177–6183 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hsiang, M. W., Cole, R. D., Takeda, Y. & Echols, H. Nature 270, 275–277 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Eisen, H. et al. Virology 68, 266–269 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Eisen, H., Brachet, P., Pereira da Silva, L. & Jacob, F. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 66, 855–862 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Susskind, M. M. & Botstein, D. Microbiol. Rev. 42, 385–413 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Simon, M. N., Davis, R. W. & Davidson, N. in The Bacteriophage λ (ed. Hershey, A. D. ) 313–328 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sauer, R. T., Ross, M. J. & Ptashne, M. J. biol. Chem. (submitted).

  34. Ballivet, M. & Eisen, H. Eur. J. Biochem. 82, 175–180 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Sauer, R. T. & Anderegg, R. Biochemistry 17, 1092–1100 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sauer, R. T. et al. Biochemistry (in the press).

  37. Little, J. W., Edmiston, S. H., Pacelli, L. Z. & Mount, D. W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 3225–3229 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Horii, T., Ogawa, T. & Ogawa, H. Cell 23, 689–697 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pirrotta, V. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 1495–1508 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Poteete, A. R., Ptashne, M., Ballivet, M. & Eisen, H. J. molec. Biol. 137, 81–91 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lauer, G., Wharton, R. & Ptashne, M. (in preparation).

  42. Poteete, A. R. & Ptashne, M. J. molec Biol. (submitted).

  43. Aono, J. & Horiuchi, T. Molec. gen. Genet. 156, 195–201 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Winston, F. M. thesis, Massachusetts Inst. Technol. (1980).

  45. Grosschedl, R. & Schwarz, E. Nucleic Acids. Res. 6, 867–881 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Anderson, W. F., Ohlendorf, D. H., Takeda, Y. & Matthews, B. W. Nature 290, 754–758 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ackers, G. K., Shea, M. A. & Johnson, A. D. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press).

  48. Flashman, S. Molec. gen. Genet. 166, 61–73 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Linn, S. & Riggs, A. D. Cell 4, 107–111 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Riechardt, L. & Kaiser, A. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 2185–2189 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gilbert, W. & Muller-Hill, B., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56, 1891–1898 (1966).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gilbert, W. & Muller-Hill, B. in The Lactose Operon (eds Beckwith, J. R. & Zipser, D.) 93–109 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  53. von Hippel, P. H., Revzin, A., Gross, C. A. & Wang, A. C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 4808–4812 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Perutz, M. F. A. Rev. Biochem. 48, 327–386 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tegtmeyer, P., Schwartz, M., Collins, J. K. & Rundell, K. J. Virol. 16, 168–178 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Reed, S. I., Stark, G. R. & Alwine, J. C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3083–3087 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Khoury, G. & May, E. J. Virol. 23, 167–176 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Rio, D., Robbins, A., Myers, R. & Tjian, R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 5706–5710 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hansen, U., Tenen, D., Livingston, D. & Sharp, P. A. (in preparation).

  60. Myers, R. M., Rio, D. C., Robbins, A. K. & Tjian, R. Cell (in the press).

  61. Sakonju, S. et al. Cell 23, 665–669 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sakonju, S., Bogenhagen, D. F. & Brown, D. D. Cell 19, 13–25 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Calef, E. et al. in The Bacteriophage λ (ed. Hershey, A. D.) 609–620 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kennedy, A. R., Fox, M., Murphey, G. & Little, J. B. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 7262–7266 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Siebenlist, U., Simpson, R. B. & Gilbert, W. Cell 20, 269–281 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang, J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 200–203 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Siebenlist, U. & Gilbert, W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 122–126 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Riggs, A. D., Suzuki, H. & Bourgeois, S. J. molec. Biol. 48, 67–83 (1970).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Guarente, L., Nye, J. S., Hochschild, A. & Ptashne, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press).

  70. Taniguchi, T., O'Neill, M. & DeCrombrugghe, B. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5090–5094 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee, N. L., Gielow, W. O. & Wallace, R. G. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 752–756 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ogden, S., Haggerty, D., Stoner, C. M., Kolodrubetz, D. & Schleif, R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 3346–3350 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Shimatake, H. & Rosenberg, M. Nature 292, 128–132 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Johnson, A., Poteete, A., Lauer, G. et al. λ Repressor and cro—components of an efficient molecular switch. Nature 294, 217–223 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1038/294217a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/294217a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing