Abstract
O1 hybridoma cells, which secrete an IgM antigalactocerebroside, were implanted into the spinal cord of cyclosporine-treated juvenile or adult rats, and the animals were sacrificed ∼2–3 wk later. About half the recipient animals developed myelin lesions. In some, sharply circumscribed foci of demyelination formed within the dorsal columns. Cellular reaction consisted of macrophages containing refractile globules in the parenchyma and within enlarged perivascular spaces as well as thickened endothelial cells. “Shadow plaques” also developed, i.e. regions in which axons were surrounded by thin myelin sheaths, compatible with remyelination. In addition, we found damaged axons, some of which were swollen with organelles, comparable to the enlarged axon profiles seen at sites of constriction or interruption. Compromise of the blood-brain barrier at sites of hybridoma growth was demonstrated by extravasation of Evans blue dye. Discontinuation of cyclosporine was followed by an anti-hybridoma, complement-fixing antibody response within 2–3 d. This model of focal CNS demyelination and remyelination, with evidence of some axon damage, is mediated by a defined IgM antiglycolipid monoclonal antibody secreted within the spinal cord parenchyma. The lesions, which are similar to those of multiple sclerosis, probably result from the interaction between the intrathecally secreted IgM antibody and complement entering from the circulation at foci of compromised blood-brain barrier plus activation of endogenous or hematogenous macrophages via their complement receptors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramsky, O., Lisak, R. P., Silberberg, D. H. & Pleasure, D. E. (1977) Antibodies to oligodendroglia in patients with multiple sclerosis. New Engl and Journal of Medicine 297, 1207–1211.
Barnum, S. R. (1995) Complement biosynthesis in the central nervous system. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 6, 132–146.
Bernard, C. C., Johns, T. G., Slavin, A., Ichikawa, M., Ewing, C., Liu, J. & Bettadapura, J. (1997) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: a novel candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Molecular Medicine 75, 77–88.
Blakemore, W. F. (1974) Remyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in old mice following demyelination induced by cuprizone. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 22, 121–126.
Blakemore, W. F. (1978) Observations on remyelination in the rabbit spinal cord following demyelination induced by lysolecithin. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 4, 47–59.
Blakemore, W. F. (1982) Ethidium bromide-induced demyelination in the spinal cord of the cat. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 8, 365–375.
Blakemore, W. F., Eames, R. A., Smith, K. J. & Mcdonald, W. I. (1977) Remyelination in the spinal cord of the cat following intraspinal injections of lysolecithin. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 33, 31–43.
Blakemore, W. F., Olby, N. J. & Franklin, R. J. (1995) The use of transplanted glial cells to reconstruct glial environments in the CNS. Brain Pathology 5, 443–450.
Bornstein, M. B. & Raine, C. S. (1976) The initial structural lesion in serum-induced demyelination in vitro. Laboratory Investigation 35, 391–401.
Bostock, H. & Sears, T. S. (1978) The internodal axon membrane: electrical excitability and continuous conduction in segmental demyelination. Journal of Physiology (London) 280, 273–301.
Bunge, M. B. (1973) Fine structure of nerve fibers and ganglion cells of isolated sympathetic neurons in culture. Journal of Cell Biology 56, 713–735.
Compston, D. A., Morgan, B. P., Campbell, A. K., Wilkins, P., Cole, G., Thomas, N. D. & Jasani, B. (1989) Immunocytochemical localization of the terminal complement complex in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 15, 307–316.
Dejong, B. A. & Smith, M. E. (1997) A role for complement in phagocytosis of myelin. Neurochemistry Research 22, 491–498.
Dubois-dalq, M., Niedieck, B. & Buyse, M. (1970) Action of anti-cerebroside sera on myelinated nervous tissue culture. Pathologica Europaea 5, 331–347.
Dyer, C. A. & Benjamins, J. A. (1989) Organization of oligodendroglial membrane sheets. II. Galactocerebroside: antibody interactions signal changes in cytoskeleton and myelin basic protein. Journal of Neuroscience Research 24, 212–221.
Fearon, D. T. & Wong, W. W. (1983) Complement ligand-receptor interactions that mediate biological responses. Annual Review of Immunology 1, 243–271.
Franklin, R., Gilson, J. M. & Blakemore, W. F. (1997) Local recruitment of remyelinating cells in the repair of demyelination in the central nervous system. Journal of Neuroscience Research 50, 337–344.
Frick, E. & Stickl, H. (1976) The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Cytotoxic antibodies against myelin sheath tissue in multiple sclerosis. Fortschrift fur Medizin 94, 1019–1024.
Friedrich Jr., V. L. & Lazzarini, R. A. (1993) Restricted migration of transplanted oligodendrocytes or their progenitors, revealed by transgenic marker M beta P. Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity 4, 139–146.
Hall, S. M. (1972) The effect of injections of lysophosphatidyl choline into white matter of the adult mouse spinal cord. Journal of Cell Science 10, 535–546.
Hartung, H. P. & Rieckmann, P. (1997) Pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelination in the CNS. Journal of Neural Transmission Suppl. 50, 173–181.
Hille, B. (1984) Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes, p. 240. Sinauer: Sunderland.
Hiremath, M. M., Saito, Y., Knapp, G. W., Ting, J. P., Suzuki, K. & Matsushima, G. K. (1998) Microglial/ macrophage accumulation during cuprizoneinduced demyelination in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Neuroimmunology 92, 38–49.
Prineas, J. W. (1985) The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology.Vol. 3, Demyelinating Diseases. (edited by Koester, J. C.), pp. 213–257. New York: Elsevier.
Jacobs, J. M. & Scadding, J. W. (1990) Morphological changes in IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 80, 77–84.
Keirstead, H. S., Hughes, H. C. & Blakemore, W. F. (1998) Aquantifiable model of axonal regeneration in the demyelinated adult rat spinal cord. Experimental Neurology 151, 303–313.
Kies, M. W., Roboz, E. & Alvord Jr., E. C. (1956) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitic activity in a glycoprotein fraction of bovine spinal cord. Federation Proceedings 15, 288.
Lampert, P. W. (1967) Acomparative electron microscopic study of reactive, degenerating, regenerating, and dystrophic axons. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 26, 345–367.
Lassmann, H., Brunner, C., Bradl, M. & Linington, C. (1988) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: the balance between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and demyelinating antibodies determines size and structure of demyelinated lesions. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 2, 566–576.
Lassmann, H., Suchanek, G. & Ozawa, K. (1997) Role of complement in inflammation and injury in the nervous system. Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics 14, 19–23.
Latov, N. (1994) Antibodies to glycoconjugates in neuropathy and motor neuron disease. Progress in Brain Research 101, 295–303.
Leonhardt, H. (1976) ÒAxonal spheroidsÓ in the spinal cord of normal rabbits. Cell and Tissue Research 174, 99–108.
Lindsberg, P. J., Ohman, J., Lehto, T., Karjalainen-lindsberg, M. L., Paetau, A., Wuorima, T., Carpen, O., Kaste, M. & Meri, S. (1996) Complement activation in the central nervous system following blood-brain barrier damage in man. Annals of Neurology 40, 587–596.
Linington, C. & Lassmann, H. (1989) Immunohistochemical localization of terminal complement complex C9 in EAE. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 79, 78–85.
Ludwin, S. (1978) Central nervous system demyelination and remyelination in the mouse: an ultrastructural study of cuprizone toxicity. Laboratory Investigation 39, 597–612.
Mclaurin, J., Dõsouza, S., Stewart, J., Blain, M., Beaudet, A., Nalbantoglu, J. & Antel, J. P. (1995) Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta on human oligodendrocytes and neurons in culture. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 13, 369–381.
Mcfarland, H. F., Stone, L. A., Calabresi, P. A., Maloni, H., Bash, C. N. & Frank, J. A. (1996) MRI studies of multiple sclerosis: implications for the natural history of the disease and for monitoring effectiveness of experimental therapies. Multiple Sclerosis 2, 198–205.
Metzger, H. (1970) Structure and function of gammaM macroglobulins. Advances in Immunology 12, 57–116.
Nerenberg, S. T., Prasad, R. & Rothman, M. E. (1978) Cerebral spinal fluid IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE levels in central nervous system disorders. Neurology 28, 988–990.
Ozawa, K., Saida, T., Saida, K., Nishitani, H. & Kameyama, M. (1989) In vivo CNS demyelination mediated by anti-galactocerebroside antibody. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 7, 621–628.
Piddlesden, S., Lassmann, H., Zimprich, F., Morgan, B. P. & Linington, C. (1993) The demyelinating potential of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte protein is related to their ability to fix complement. American Journal of Pathology 143, 555–564.
Prineas, J. W. (1985) The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology.Vol. 3, Demyelinating Diseases. (edited by Koester, J. C.), pp. 213–257. New York: Elsevier.
Raine, C. S. (1985) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental allergic neuritis. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology (edited by Vinken, P. J., Bruyn, G. W. & Klawans, H. L.), pp. 429–466. New York: Elsevier.
Raine C. S. (1997) The Norton Lecture: a review of the oligodendrocyte in the multiple sclerosis lesion. Journal of Neuroimmunology 77, 135–152.
Raine, C. S. & Cross, A. H. (1989) Axonal dystrophy as a consequence of long-term demyelination. Laboratory Investigation 60, 714–725.
Ranscht, B., Wood, P. L. & Bunge, R. P. (1987) Inhibition of in vitro peripheral myelin formation by monoclonal antigalactocerebroside. Journal of Neuroscience 7, 2936–2947.
Robbins, D. S., Shirai, Y., Drysdale, B. E., Lieberman, A., Shin, H. S. & Shin, M. L. (1987) Production of cytotoxic factor for oligodendrocytes by stimulated astrocytes. Journal of Immunology 139, 2593–2597.
Rodriguez, M., Pierce, M. L., & Thiemann, R. L. (1991) Immunoglobulins stimulate central nervous system remyelination: electron microscopic and morphometric analysis of proliferating cells. Laboratory Investigation 64, 358–370.
Rosenbluth, J. (1990) Axolemmal abnormalities in myelin mutants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6905, 194–214.
Rosenbluth, J., Hasegawa, M., Shirasaki, N., Rosen, C. L. & Liu, Z. (1990) Mylin formation following transplantation of normal fetal glia into myelindeficient rat spinal cord. Journal of Neurocytology 19, 718–730.
Rosenbluth, J. Liang, W. L., Liu, Z., Guo, D. & Schiff, R. (1996) Expanded CNS myelin sheaths formed in situ in the presence of an antigalactocerebroside-producing hybridoma. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 2635–2641.
Rosenbluth, J., Liang, W. L. & Schiff, R. (1994a) Myelin-deficient rat: role of the cerebellum in tonic seizures and tremor. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 20, 3.
Rosenbluth, J., Liu, Z,. Guo, D. & Schiff, R. (1994b) Inhibition of CNS myelin development in vivo by implantation of anti-GalC hybridoma cells. Journal of Neurocytology 23, 699–707.
Rosenbluth, J., Schiff, R., Liang, W. L. & Dou, W. K. (1998) Evidence for focal demyelination induced in rat spinal cord by intraspinal anti-glycolipid antibodies plus circulation-derived complement. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24, 1025.
Rosenbluth, J. & Schiff, R. (1999) Axon damage in MS-like lesions of rat spinal cord induced by antiglycolipid IgM antibodies. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25, 739.
Saida, T., Saida, K. & Silberberg, D. H. (1979) Demyelination produced by exprimental allergic neuritis serum and anti-galactocerebroside antiserum in CNS cultures. An ultrastructural study. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 48, 19–25.
Sommer, I. & Schachner, M. (1981) Monoclonal antibodies (O1 to O4) to oligodendrocyte cell surfaces: an immunocytological study in the central nervous system. Developmental Biology 83, 311–327.
Sotelo, C. & Palay, S. L. (1968) The fine structure of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.1. neurons and neuroglial cells. Journal of Cell Biology 36, 151–179.
Stoll, G., Schmidt, B., Jander, S., Toyka, K. V. & Hartung, H. P. (1991) Presence of the terminal complement complex (C5b-9) precedes myelin degradation in immune-mediated demyelination of the rat peripheral nervous system. Annals of Neurology 30, 147–155.
Storch, M. K., Piddlesden, S., Haltia, M., Livanainen, M., Morgan, P. & Lassmann, H. (1998) Multiple sclerosis: in situ evidence for Annals of Neurology 43, 465–476.
Stys, P. K., Waxman, S. G. & Ransom, B. R. (1991) Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger mediates Ca2+ influx during anoxia in mammalian central nervous system white matter. Annals of Neurology 30, 375–380.
Suen, W. E., Bergman, C. M., Hjelmstrom, P. & Ruddle, N. H. (1997) A critical role for lymphotoxin in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 186, 1233–1240.
Suzuki, K., Andrews, J. M., Waltz, J. M. & Terry, R. D. (1969) Ultrastructural studies of multiple sclerosis. Laboratory Investigation 20, 444–454.
Trapp, B. D., Peterson, B. S., Ransohoff, R. M., Rudick, R., Mork, S. & Bo, L. (1998) Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 278–285.
Waksman, B. H., Porter, H., Lees, M. D., Adams, R. D. & Folch, J. (1954) A study of the chemical nature of components of bovine white matter effective in producing allergic encephalomyelitis in the rabbit. Journal of Experimental Medicine 100, 451–471.
Warren, K. G. & Catz, I. (1986) Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid anti-myelin basic protein in patients with multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 2, 20–25.
Waxman, S. G. Black, J. A., Ransom, B. R. & Stys, P. K. (1994) Anoxic injury of rat optic nerve: ultrastructural evidence for coupling between Na+ influx and Ca(2+)-mediated injury in myelinated CNS axons. Brain Research 644, 197–204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rosenbluth, J., Schiff, R., Liang, WL. et al. Antibody-mediated CNS demyelination: focal spinal cord lesions induced by implantation of an IgM anti-galactocerebroside-secreting hybridoma. J Neurocytol 28, 397–416 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007021916210
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007021916210