Abstract
Experiment with different split applications of 40 kg N ha−1 of urea (U) at transplanting:30 days after transplanting:40 days before crop maturity with different proportions of 50:25:25, 25:50:25 and 0:50:50 splits, with and without Azolla, carried out for two consecutive seasons, revealed that fresh weight (FW), N2-fixation measured by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and N yield of newly introducedAzolla caroliniana were higher with 0:50:50 treatment followed by 25:50:25 and 50:25:25.Azolla was unincorporated and left for self decomposition. The crop yield (grain yield, straw yield) and crop N uptake data indicated that among the no Azolla treatments, the use of 50:25:25 split resulted in highest crop yield and crop N uptake followed by 25:50:25 and 0:50:50 treatments, while these parameters recorded maximum value with 25:50:25 split in combination with Azolla followed by 50:25:25 and 0:50:50 treatments. The use of Azolla increased crop yield and crop N uptake significantly over no Azolla treatments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cao Zhi-Hong, De Datta SK and Fillery IRP (1984) Effect of placement methods on flood water properties and recovery of applied nitrogen (15N-labelled urea) in wetland rice. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48: 197–203
Craswell ET, De Datta SK, Obcema WN and Hartantya M (1981) Time and mode of nitrogen fertilizer application to tropical wetland rice. Fertilizer Research 2: 247–259
De Datta SK (1981) Principles and practices of rice production, pp. 375–396. John Wiley and Sons, USA
De Datta SK (1986) Improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in lowland rice in tropical Asia. Nitrogen economy of flooded rice soils. Eds SK De Datta and WH Patrick Jr, pp. 171–186. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
De Datta SK (1987) Advances in Soil Fertility Research and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Lowland Rice. Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rice, pp. 27–41, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Ito O and Watanabe I (1983) The relationship between combined nitrogen uptake and nitrogen fixation inAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis. New Phytol 95: 647–654
Jackson ML (1968) Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
Liu CC (1979) Use of Azolla in rice production in China. Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 375–394. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Mohapatra NP, Tosh BN, Panda D and Mohanty SK (1983) Effect of urea-based fertilizers on nitrogen transformation, yield and uptake of nitrogen by rice under flooded conditions. Oryza 20: 119–124
Peters GA, Evans WR and Toia Jr RE (1976)Azolla-Anabaena azollae relationship. IV. Photosynthetically driven, nitrogenase catalyzed H2 production. Pl Physiol 58: 119–126
Peters GA, Calvert HE, Kaplan D, Ito O and Toia Jr RE (1982) TheAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis: morphology, physiology and use. Israel J of Bot 31: 305–323
Rains DW and Talley SN (1979) Use of Azolla in North America. Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 419–433, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Satapathy KB and Singh PK (1985) Growth and N2 fixation ofAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis in the presence of fertilizer nitrogen. Proc of DAE Symp on Newer Approaches to Biological Application. pp 270–276. M.S. Univ. of Baroda, India
Schollhorn R and Burris RH (1967) Acetylene as a competitive inhibitor of N2-fixation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58: 213–216
Singh AL and Singh PK (1986) Comparative studies on different methods of Azolla utilization on rice culture. J Agric Sci Camb 107: 273–278
Singh PK (1977a) Multiplication and utilization of fern Azolla containing nitrogen fixing algal symbiont as a green manure in rice cultivation. RISO 26: 125–136
Singh PK (1977b) Azolla plants as fertilizer and feed. Indian Farming 27: 19–21
Singh PK (1979a) Use of Azolla in rice production in India. Nitrogen and Rice, pp 407–418. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Singh PK (1979b) Symbiotic algal N2-fixation and crop productivity. Ann Rev Pl Sci Ed CP Mallik, pp 37–65, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India
Singh PK (1982) Azolla and blue-green algae biofertilizer technology for rice. Indian Farmng 32: 3–8
Subudhi BPR and Singh PK (1979) Effect of phosphorus, nitrogen on growth, chlorophyll, amino nitrogen, soluble sugar contents and algal heterocyst of water fernAzolla pinnata. Biol Plant 21: 401–406
Talley SN, Talley BJ and Rains DW (1977) Nitrogen fixation by Azolla in rice fields. Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation. Ed A Hollander, pp 259–281. Plenum Press, New York
Tung HF and Shen TC (1985) Studies on theAzolla pinnata-Anabaena azollae symbiosis: conversent growth ofAzolla with rice. Aquat Bot 22: 145–152
Watanabe I (1982)Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis — its physiology and use in tropical agriculture. Microbiology of Trop Soils and Pl Productivity. Eds YR Dommergues and HG Diem pp 169–185, Dr W Junk Publishers
Watanabe I, Espinas CR, Berja NS and Alimagno BV (1977) Utilization of theAzolla-Anabaena complex as a nitrogen fertilizer for rice. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. Paper Series 11: 1–15
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manna, A.B., Singh, P.K. Growth and acetylene reduction activity ofAzolla caroliniana Willd. as influenced by split applications of urea fertilizer and their response on rice yield. Fertilizer Research 18, 189–199 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049513
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049513