Abstract
The importance of energetic particles in the generation of solar flares and related phenomena has been underestimated if not completely neglected. A reexamination of their role in the light of recent observations carried out during the last solar maximum by a number of experiments on SMM and Hinotori satellites points out the continuous and violent evolution of the solar atmosphere. Most observed features can be better explained by the old idea that particles are trapped in magnetic loops above active regions where they are first heated and then accelerated by absorbing part of the wave energy flowing upwards continuously from the convection zone. Their catastrophic release into the chromosphere as a consequence of an instability in the region such as chromospheric heating or due to the emergence of new magnetic flux is considered as being the flare proper. Since the trapping of the particles involves the generation of resonant waves, a reassessment of the isotopic overabundance problem as well as a search for these waves in interplanetary space are proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai, T., Hudson, H. S., Pelling, R. M., Lin, R. P., Swartz, R. A., and von Rosenvinge, T. T.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 267, 433.
Block, G. B. and Kuzhevsky, B. M.: 1979, Proc. 16th ICRC (Kyoto) 5, 1.
Block, G. B., Grigorian, O. O., and Kuzhevsky, B. M.: 1981, Proc. 17th ICRC (Paris) 3, 7.
Buneman, O.: 1959, Phys. Rev. 115, 503.
Chupp, E. L.: 1983, Solar Phys. 86, 383.
de Jager, C., Machado, M. E., Schadee, A., Strong, K. T., Švestka, Z., Woodgate, B. E., and van Tend, W.: 1983, Solar Phys. 84, 205.
Duijveman, A., Hoyng, P., and Ionson, J. A.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 245, 721.
Elliot, H.: 1964, Planet. Space Sci. 12, 657.
Elliot, H.: 1969, Solar Flares and Space Research, North Holland, Amsterdam, p. 356.
Elliot, H.: 1973, R. Ramaty and R. G. Stone (eds.), High Energy Phenomenon on the Sun, NASA SP-32, p. 12.
Heyvaerts, J., Priest, E., and Rust, D. M.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 216, 123.
Hoyng, P., Duijveman, A., Machado, M. E., Rust, D. M., Švestka, Z., and 6 co-authors: 1981, Astrophys. J. Letters 246, L155.
Hollweg, J. V.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 277, 392.
Holman, G. F., Kundu, M. R., and Dennis, B. R.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 276, 761.
Howard, R. and Švestka, Z.: 1977, Solar Phys. 54, 65.
Ionson, J. A.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 254, 318.
Kahler, S. W.: 1979, Solar Phys. 62, 347.
Kennel, C. F. and Petschek, H. E.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1.
Krall, N. A. and Antiochos, S. K.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 242, 374.
Kulsrud, R. M. and Ferara, A.: 1971, Astrophys. Space Sci. 12, 302.
Levin, R. B.: 1979, Soviet Astron. 23, 728.
Levine, R. H. and Withbroe, G. L.: 1977, Solar Phys. 51, 83.
Martens, P. C. H. and Kuperus, M.: 1983, in J. O. Stenflo (ed.), ‘Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields: Origins and Coronal Effects’, IAU 102, 397.
Melrose, D. B.: 1974, Solar Phys. 37, 353.
Melrose, D. B.: 1980, Plasma Astrophysics, Vol. 2, Gordon and Breach Science Publications, New York.
Melrose, D. B.: 1983, Solar Phys. 89, 149.
Ohki, K., Takakura, T., Tsuneta, S., and Nitta, N.: 1983, Solar Phys. 86, 301.
Pallavicini, R., Vaiana, G. S., Kahler, S. W., and Krieger, A. S.: 1975, Solar Phys. 45, 411.
Petrasso, R. D., Kahler, S. N., Krieger, A. S., and Silk, J. K.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 189, L127.
Schatzman, E.: 1967, Solar Phys. 1, 411.
Schadee, A., de Jager, C., and Švestka, Z.: 1983, Solar Phys. 89, 287.
Smith, D. F. and Brecht, S. H.: 1984, (Preprint).
Spangler, S. R. and Shawhan, S. D.: 1974, Solar Phys. 37, 189.
Spicer, D. S.: 1977, Solar Phys. 53, 305.
Švestka, Z.: 1976, Solar Flares, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
Švestka, Z., Stewart, R. T., Hoyng, P., van Tend, W., Acton, L. W., Gabriel, A. H., Rapley, C. G., and 8 co-authors: 1982a, Solar Phys. 75, 305.
Švestka, Z., Dennis, B. R., Pîck, M., Raoult, A., Rapley, C. G., Stewart, R. T., and Woodgate, B. E.: 1982b, Solar Phys. 80, 143.
Tandberg-Hansen, E., Kaufman, P., Reichmann, E. J., Teuber, D. L., Moore, R. R., Orwig, L. E. and Zirin, H.: 1984, Solar Phys. 90, 41.
Thomas, S. R. and Teske, R. G.: 1971, Solar Phys. 16, 431.
Wolfson, C. J., Acton, L. W., and Leibacher, J. W.: 1978, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 10, 456.
Wolfson, C. J.: 1982, Solar Phys. 62, 377.
Woodgate, B. E., Shine, R. A., Brandt, J. C., Chapman, R. D., Michalitsianos, G. A., and 10 co-authors: 1981, Astrophys. J. Letters 244, L133.
Yoshimori, M., Okudaira, K., Hirasima, Y., and Kondo, I.: 1983, Solar Phys. 86, 375.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pérez-Enríquez, R. On the role of energetic particles in solar flares. Sol Phys 97, 131–144 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00152983
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00152983