Abstract
This paper presents the bispectral analysis of the ontogeny of the hippocampal EEG recorded from the dentate gyrus and CA1, the primary sites that generate theta (θ ) rhythm. The hippocampal EEG was collected during the vigilance state of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of freely moving rats at 15, 30 and 90 days of age. In previous studies we demonstrated through bispectral analysis that significant quadratic phase coupling (QPC) of the EEG exists in the hippocampal formation of CA1 and the dentate gyrus during REM sleep, primarily in the θ (4–11 Hz) frequency range. In the present study we have examined whether QPC can be used as an effective measure of development, i.e., maturation of the hippocampal subfields CA1 and the dentate gyrus. We found that as animals mature from the age of 15 to 90 days, the occurrence of nonlinear QPC activities moves from (6.25 Hz, 6 Hz) to (7 Hz, 7 Hz) at CA1 and (6 Hz, 6 Hz) to (7.5 Hz, 7.5 Hz) at the dentate gyrus, respectively. The results indicate that bispectral analysis provides an additional and important description of the frequency characteristics of the hippocampal EEG and that the QPC measure is also a useful index to quantify the shift in the hippocampal θ frequency as animals mature. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society.
PAC98: 8759Wc, 0270Hm, 8722-q
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Barnett, T. P., L. C. Johnson, P. Naitoh, N. Hicks, and C. Nute. Bispectrum analysis of electroencephalogram signals during waking and sleeping. Science172:401-402, 1971.
Bayer, S. A., J. W. Yackel, and P. S. Puri. Neurons in the rat dentate gyrus layer substantially increase during juvenile and adult life. Science216:890-892, 1982.
Beckenstein, J. W., and E. W. Lothman. An in vivo study of the ontogeny of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region and in the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampal formation. Dev. Brain Res.63:245-251, 1991.
Bland, B. H., P. Anderson, and T. Gaines. Two generators of hippocampal theta activity in rabbits. Brain Res.94:199-218, 1975.
Bronzino, J. B. Spectral analysis of neocortical and hippocampal EEG in the protein malnourished rat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.55:699-709, 1983.
Bronzino, J. B. Quantitative analysis of the EEG-general concepts and animal study. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.31:850- 856, 1984.
Bronzino, J. B., K. Abu-Hasaballah, Austine-LaFrance, and P. J. Morgane. Maturation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the freely moving rat. Hippocampus4:439-446, 1994.
Dumermuth, G., T. Gasser, and B. Lange. Aspects of EEG analysis in the frequency domain, edited by G. Dolce and H. Hunkel. CEAN, G. Fischer, 1975, pp. 429-457.
Dumermuth, G., P. J. Huber, B. Kleiner, and T. Gasser. Analysis of the interrelations between frequency bands of the EEG by means of the bispectrum: A preliminary study. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.31:137-148, 1971.
Dustman, R. E., J. LaMarche, N. B. Cohen, D. E. Shearer, and J. M. Malone. Power spectral analysis and cortical coupling of EEG for young and old normal adults. Neurobiol. Aging6:193-198, 1985.
Elul, R. Gaussian behavior of the electroencephalogram: Changes during performance of mental task. Science64:328- 331, 1969.
Fell, J., and J. Roschke. Nonlinear dynamical aspects of the human sleep EEG. Int. J. Neurosci.76:109-143, 1994.
Isaacson, R. L., and K. H. Pribram. The hippocampus. In: Neurophysiology and Behavior. New York: Plenum, 1975, Vol. 2.
Kay, S. M., and S. L. Maple, Jr. Spectrum analysis-a modern perspective. Proc. IEEE69:1380-1419, 1981.
Leung, L. S. Theta rhythm during REM sleep and waking: Correlations between power, phase and frequency. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.58:552-564, 1984.
Nikias, C. L., and A. P. Petropulu. Higher order spectral analysis: A nonlinear signal processing framework. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Ning, T., and J. D. Bronzino. Bispectral analysis of the rat EEG during various vigilance states. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.36:497-499, 1989.
Ning, T., and J. D. Bronzino. Autoregressive and bispectral analysis techniques: EEG applications. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.9:47-50, 1990.
Ning, T., and J. D. Bronzino. Nonlinear analysis of the hippocampal subfields of CA1 and the dentate gyrus. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.40:870-876, 1993.
Ning, T., and J. D. Bronzino. The Bicoherence Index: A Measure of Developing Neuronal Relationships. In: Proceedings of IEEE/EMBS 17th Annual International Conference, Montreal, Canada, 1995.
Pritchard, W. S., and D. W. Duke. Measuring chaos in the brain: A tutorial review of nonlinear dynamical EEG analysis. Int. J. Neurosci.67:31-80, 1992.
Seifert, W. Neurobiology of the Hippocampus. London: Academic, 1983.
Sugimoto, H., N. Ishii, A. Iwata, and N. Suzumura. On the stationarity and normality of the electroencephalographic data during sleep stages. Comp. Prog. Biomed.8:224-234, 1978.
Weiss, M. S. Non-Gaussian properties of the EEG during sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.34:200-202, 1973.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ning, T., Bronzino, J.D. Quadratic Phase Coupling as a Quantitative Measure for the Developing Hippocampal Formation. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 26, 688–693 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1114/1.43
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1114/1.43