Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quantum dot heterostructures: Fabrication, properties, lasers (Review)

  • Published:
Semiconductors Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present review we summarize original results where 1) we have experimentally discovered a novel class of spontaneously ordered nanostructures, namely equilibrium arrays of threedimensional, coherently strained islands on crystal surfaces; 2) we have developed a theory of spontaneous formation of semiconductor nanostructures in heteroepitaxial systems; 3) we have experimentally demonstrated the existence of a novel class of semiconductor heterostructures, namely perfect quantum dots having an atom-like energy spectrum; we have performed a detailed investigation of the optical properties of quantum dots; 4) we have fabricated quantum dot-based injection lasers demonstrating unique charactristics, namely high-temperature stability of the threshold current and ultra-high material gain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zh. I. Alferov, in Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 99, Arild, Sweden, June 4–8, 1996 [Physica Scripta 68, 32 (1996)]; Fiz. Tech. Poluprovodn. 32, 1 (1998) [Semiconductors 32, 3 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  2. C. M. Sotomayor Torres, F. D. Wang, N. N. Ledentsov, and Y.-S. Tang, in Proc. SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering (Bellingham, Washington, USA 1994), Vol. 2141, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Optical properties of Low Dimensional Semiconductors, edited by G. Abstreiter, A. Aydinli, and J.-P. Leburton, NATO ASI Series. Series E: Applied Sciences (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997), Vol. 344.

    Google Scholar 

  4. A. I. Ekimov and A. A. Onushchenko, JETP Lett. 34, 345 (1981).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Haken, Synergetics (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  6. N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, N. Kirstaedter, O. Schmidt, R. Heitz, J. Böhrer, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, V. A. Shchukin, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, S. S. Ruvimov, A. O. Kosogov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, and J. Heydenreich, in Proc. 7th Int’l. Conf. Modulated Semicond. Struct., Madrid, Spain, July, 10–14, 1995 [Solid-State Electron. 40, 785 (1996)].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. V. A. Shchukin, in Proc. 23rd Int’l. Conf. Phys. Semicond., July 22–26, 1996, Berlin, Germany, edited by M. Scheffler, R. Zimmermann (World Scientific, Singapore), Vol. 2, p. 1261.

    Google Scholar 

  8. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, and D. Bimberg, in Optical Properties of Low Dimensional Semiconductors, edited by G. Abstreiter, A. Aydinli, and J.-P. Leburton, NATO ASI Series. Series E: Applied Sciences (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997), Vol. 344, p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. Bimberg, I. P. Ipatova, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, V. G. Malyshkin, and V. A. Shchukin, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 167, 552 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. S. Kop’ev and N. N. Ledentsov, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 22, 1729 (1988) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 22, 1093 (1988)].

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, and N. N. Ledentsov, J. Cryst. Growth 104, 345 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, and N. N. Ledentsov, in Proc. 6th Int’l. Conf. on MBE, San Diego, USA, 1990 [J. Cryst. Growth 111, 151 (1991)].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, and N. N. Ledentsov, J. Cryst. Growth 108, 661 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. V. Ivanov, P. D. Altukhov, T. S. Argunova, A. A. Bakun, V. V. Chaldyshev, Yu. A. Kovalenko, P. S. Kop’ev, R. N. Kyutt, B. Ya. Meltser, S. S. Ruvimov, S. V. Shaposhnikov, L. M. Sorokin, and V. M. Ustinov, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 8, 347 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. W. Cahn, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 242, 166 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. G. Khachaturyan, Theory of Phase Transitions and Structure of Solid Solutions [in Russian] (Nauka, Moscow, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  17. G. B. Stringfellow, J. Cryst. Growth 65, 454 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. I. P. Ipatova, V. G. Malyshkin, and V. A. Shchukin, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 7198 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. I. P. Ipatova, V. G. Malyshkin, and V. A. Shchukin, Philos. Mag. B 70, 557 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  20. C. Herring, Phys. Rev. 82, 87 (1951).

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. V. I. Marchenko and A. Ya. Parshin, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 79, 257 (1980) [Sov. Phys. JETP 52, 129 (1980)].

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. F. Andreev and Yu. A. Kosevich, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 81, 1435 (1981) [Sov. Phys. JETP 54, 761 (1981)].

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. F. Andreev, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 80, 2042 (1981) [Sov. Phys. JETP 53, 1063 (1981)].

    Google Scholar 

  24. V. I. Marchenko, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 81, 1141 (1981) [Sov. Phys. JETP 54, 605 (1981)].

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. A. Shchukin, A. I. Borovkov, N. N. Ledentsov, and P. S. Kop’ev, Phys. Rev. B 51, 17 767 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Kasu and N. Kobayashi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1262 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. N. N. Ledentsov, G. M. Gur’yanov, G. E. Tsirlin, V. N. Petrov, Yu. B. Samsonenko, A. O. Golubok, S. Ya. Tipisev, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 28, 903 (1994) [Semiconductors 28, 526 (1994)].

    Google Scholar 

  28. R. Nötzel, N. N. Ledentsov, L. Däweritz, M. Hohenstein, and K. Ploog, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3812 (1991).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Higashiwaki, M. Yamamoto, T. Higuchi, S. Shimomura, A. Adachi, Y. Okamoto, N. Sano, and S. Hiyamizu, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L606 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Kasu and N. Kobayashi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1262 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. R. Nötzel, N. N. Ledentsov, L. Däweritz, M. Hohenstein, and K. Ploog, Phys. Rev. B 45, 3507 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Zh. I. Alfërov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, N. N. Ledentsov, B. Ya. Mel’tser, and V. M. Ustinov, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 26, 1715 (1992) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 26, 959 (1992)].

    Google Scholar 

  33. V. A. Shchukin, A. I. Borovkov, N. N. Ledentsov, and D. Bimberg, Phys. Rev. B 51, 10 104 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  34. V. A. Shchukin and A. I. Borovkov, in Abstracts Int’l. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 20–24, 1994, p. 227.

  35. A. F. Andreev, Pis’ma Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 2654 (1980) [sic].

    Google Scholar 

  36. V. I. Marchenko, JETP Lett. 33, 381 (1981).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zh. I. Alf’erov, D. Bimberg, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, N. N. Ledentsov, S. S. Ruvimov, V. M. Ustinov, and J. Heydenreich, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 165, 224 (1995) [sic].

    Google Scholar 

  38. P. D. Wang, N. N. Ledentsov, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, P. S. Kop’ev, and V. M. Ustinov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1526 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. P. D. Wang, N. N. Ledentsov, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, P. S. Kop’ev, and V. M. Ustinov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 112 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. V. Bressler-Hill, A. Lorke, S. Varma, P. M. Petroff, K. Pond, and W. H. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. B 50, 8479 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. N. N. Ledentsov, P. D. Wang, M. Sotomayor Torres, A. Yu. Egorov, M. V. Maximov, V. M. Ustinov, A. E. Zhukov, and P. S. Kop’ev, Phys. Rev. B 50, 12171 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  42. C. Ratsch, A. Zangwill, P. Šmilauer, and D. D. Vvedensky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3194 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. M. Guryanov, G. E. Cirlin, A. O. Golubok, S. Ta. Tipissev, N. N. Ledentsov, V. A. Shchukin, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, and Zh. I. Alferov, Surf. Sci. 352–354, 646 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  44. L. Goldstein, F. Glas, J. Y. Marzin, M. N. Charasse, and G. Le Roux, Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 1099 (1985).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. E. Eaglesham and M. Cerullo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1943 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. J.-W. Mo, D. E. Savage, B. S. Swartzentruber, and M. G. Lagally, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1020 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. D. Vanderbilt and L. K. Wickham, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 202, 555 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  48. C. Ratsch and A. Zangwill, Surf. Sci. 293, 123 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. I. M. Lifshitz and V. V. Slezov, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 35, 479 (1958) [Sov. Phys. JETP 8, 331 (1959)].

    Google Scholar 

  50. F. Glas, C. Guille, P. Hénoc and F. Houzay, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 87, 71 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. M. Moison, F. Houzay, F. Barthe, L. Leprince, E. André, and O. Vatel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 196 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. Leonard, M. Krishnamurthy, C. M. Reaves, S. P. Denbaars, and P. M. Petroff, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3203 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, N. Kirsraedter, J. Christen, R. Heitz, J. Böhrer, F. Heinrichsdorf, D. Bimberg, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, in Proc. 22nd Int’l. Conf. Phys. Semicond., Vancouver, Canada, August 1994, edited by D. J. Lockwood (World Scientific, Singapore), Vol. 3, p. 1855.

  54. G. Cirlin, G. M. Guryanov, A. O. Golubok, S. Ya. Tipissev, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, M. Grundmann, and D. Bimberg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 97 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Grundmann, J. Christen, N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, D. Bimberg, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4043 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. D. Bimberg, M. Grundmann, N. N. Ledentsov, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, J. Heydenreich, V. M. Ustinov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Thin Solid Films 267, 32 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, K. Scheerschmidt, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Phys. Rev. B 51, 14766 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  58. M. Grundmann, N. N. Ledentsov, R. Heitz, L. Eckey, J. Christen, J. Bhrer, D. Bimberg, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, J. Heydenreich, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Phys. Status Solidi B 188, 249 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  59. N. N. Ledentsov, V. M. Ustinov, S. V. Ivanov, B. Ya. Mel’tser, M. V. Maksimov, P. S. Kop’ev, D. Bimberg, Zh. I. Alf’erov, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 166, 423 (1996) [sic].

    Google Scholar 

  60. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, and D. Bimberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2968 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, and D. Bimberg, in Abstracts Int’l. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 26–30, 1995, p. 392.

  62. V. A. Shchukin, A. I. Borovkov, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, M. Grundmann, and D. Bimberg, Phys. Low-Dimens. Semicond. Struct. 12, 43 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  63. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, P. S. Kop’ev, and D. Bimberg, in Proc. Int’l. Semicond. Dev. Res. Symp., December 1995, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, Vol. 2, p. 581.

  64. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, P. S. Kop’ev, and D. Bimberg, Surf. Sci. 352–354, 117 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  65. V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Ledentsov, V. G. Malyshkin, I. P. Ipatova, P. S. Kop’ev, D. Bimberg, in Abstracts Int’l. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 24–28, 1996, p. 439.

  66. J. D. Eshelby, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 241, 376 (1957).

    ADS  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  67. G. X. Qian, R. M. Martin, and D. J. Chadi, Phys. Rev. B 38, 7649 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. E. Tournié, A. Trampert, and K. Ploog, Europhys. Lett. 25, 663 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  69. V. G. Malyshkin and V. A. Shchukin, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 27, 1932 (1993) [Semiconductors 27, 1062 (1993)].

    Google Scholar 

  70. V. A. Shchukin, in Abstracts Int’l. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 24–28, 1996, p. 175.

  71. Zh. I. Alferov, N. A. Bert, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, I. L. Krestnikov, N. N. Ledentsov, A. V. Lunev, M. V. Maksimov, A. V. Sakharov, V. M. Ustinov, A. F. Tsatsul’nikov, Yu. M. Shernyakov, D. Bimberg, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 30, 351 (1996) [Semiconductors 30, 346 (1996)].

    Google Scholar 

  72. N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, D. Bimberg, S. V. Zaitsev, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, O. A. Kosogov, U. Gösele, and S. S. Ruvimov, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 421, 133 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  73. N. N. Ledentsov, V. A. Shchukin, M. Grundmann, N. Kirstaedter, J. Böhrer, O. Schmidt, D. Bimberg, S. V. Zaitsev, V. M. Ustinov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, O. A. Kosogov, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Gösele, and J. Heydenreich, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8743 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. N. N. Ledentsov, in Proc. 23rd Int’l. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Berlin, Germany, July 21–26, 1996, edited by M. Scheffler and R. Zimmermann (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), Vol. 1, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  75. N. N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg, I. V. Kochnev, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, O. A. Kosogov, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, and U. Gösele, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1095 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. V. V. Lutskii, Phys. Status Solidi A 1, 199 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Y. Arakawa and H. Sakaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 939 (1982); M. Asada, M. Miyamoto, and Y. Suematsu, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-22, 1915 (1986).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. K. J. Vahala, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-24, 523 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. J.-Y. Marzin, J. M. Gérard, A. Izraël, D. Barrier, and G. Bastard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 716 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Benisty, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, and C. Weisbuch, Phys. Rev. B 44, 10945 (1991).

  81. M. V. Belousov, N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maximov, P. D. Wang, I. N. Yassievich, N. N. Faleev, I. A. Kozin, V. M. Ustinov, P. S. Kop’ev, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, Phys. Rev. B 51, 14346 (1995).

  82. P. D. Wang, N. N. Ledentsov, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, I. N. Yassievich, A. Pakhomov, A. Yu. Egorov, P. S. Kop’ev, and V. M. Ustinov, Phys. Rev. B 50, 1604 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. E. L. Ivchenko, A. V. Kavokin, V. P. Kochereshko, P. S. Kop’ev, and N. N. Ledentsov, Superlattices Microstruct. 12, 317 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. A. A. Sirenko, T. Ruf, N. N. Ledentsov, A. Yu. Egorov, P. S. Kop’ev, V. M. Ustinov, and A. E. Zhukov, Solid State Commun. 97, 169 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. N. N. Ledentsov, I. L. Krestnikov, M. V. Maximov, S. V. Ivanov, S. L. Sorokin, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, D. Bimberg, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1343 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. I. L. Krestnikov, M. V. Maximov, S. V. Ivanov, S. L. Sorokin, S. A. Permogorov, A. N. Reznitsky, A. V. Kornievski, N. N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, in Proc. 23rd Int’l. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Berlin, Germany, July 21–26, 1996, edited by M. Scheffler and R. Zimmermann (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), Vol. 4, p. 3187.

    Google Scholar 

  87. E. Gross, S. Permogorov, and A. Razbirin, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 1647 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  88. I. L. Krestnikov, N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maksimov, A. V. Sakharov, S. V. Ivanov, S. V. Sorokin, L. N. Tenishev, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alfërov, Pis’ma Tekh. Fiz. 23, 33 (1997) [Tech. Phys. Lett. 23, 23 (1997)].

    Google Scholar 

  89. A. V. Sakharov, S. V. Ivanov, S. V. Sorokin, B. V. Volovik, I. L. Krestnikov, P. S. Kop’ev, and N. N. Ledentsov, Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 23, No. 4. 26 (1997) [Tech. Phys. Lett. 23, 305 (1997)].

    Google Scholar 

  90. N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, V. M. Ustinov, M. V. Belousov, B. Ya. Meltser, S. V. Ivanov, V. A. Shchukin, Zh. I. Alferov, M. Grundmann, D. Bemberg, S. S. Ruvimov, U. Richter, P. Werner, U. Gösele, U. Heidenreich, P. D. Wang, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres, Microelectron. J. 26, 871 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  91. S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, K. Scheerschmidt, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 146, 31 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  92. S. Ruvimov, Z. Liliental-Weber, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, K. Scheerschmidt, and U. Gösele, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 421, 383 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  93. M. Grundmann, N. N. Ledentsov, O. Stier, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 979 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. M. Grundmann, R. Heitz, N. N. Ledentsov, O. Stier, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Gösele, and J. Heydenreich, Superlattices Microstruct. 19, 81 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. Grundmann, N. N. Ledentsov, O. Stier, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Phys. Rev. B 53, 10 509 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  96. R. Heitz, M. Grundmann, N. N. Ledentsov, L. Eckey, M. Veit, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 361 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. F. Hatami, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, F. Heinrichsdorff, D. Bimberg, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, U. Richter, S. V. Ivanov, B. Ya. Meltser, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 656 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, M. Beer, M. Grundmann, F. Heinrichsdorff, D. Bimberg, S. V. Ivanov, B. Ya. Meltser, I. N. Yassievich, N. N. Faleev, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, in Proc. 22nd Int’l. Conf. Physics of Semicond., Vancouver, Canada, 1994, edited by D. J. Lockwood (World Scientific, Singapore, 1995), Vol. 2, p. 1617.

    Google Scholar 

  99. N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, M. Beer, F. Heinrichsdorff, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, S. V. Ivanov, B. Ya. Meltser, I. N. Yassievich, N. N. Faleev, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Phys. Rev. B 52, 14 058 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  100. N. Kirstaedter, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, S. S. Ruvimov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, U. Richter, P. Werner, U. Gösele, and J. Heydenreich, Electron. Lett. 30, 1416 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. N. Kirstaedter, O. G. Schmidt, N. N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1226 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. D. Bimberg, N. Kirstaedter, N. N. Ledentsov, Zh. I. Alferov, P. S. Kop’ev, and V. M. Ustinov, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3, 196 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  103. D. Bimberg, N. Kirstaedter, N. N. Ledentsov, Zh. I. Alferov, P. S. Kop’ev, V. M. Ustinov, S. V. Zaitsev, and M. V. Maximov, in Optical Properties of Low Dimensional Semiconductors, edited by G. Abstreiter, A. Aydinli, and J.-P. Leburton, NATO ASI Series. Series E: Applied Sciences (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1997), Vol. 344, p. 315.

    Google Scholar 

  104. D. Bimberg, M. Grundmann, and N. N. Ledentsov, Spectrum der Wissenschaft 63, 64 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  105. V. M. Ustinov, A. E. Zhukov, A. Yu. Egorov, N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maximov, A. F. Tsatsul’nikov, P. S. Kop’ev, D. Bimberg, and Zh. I. Alferov, in Devices Based on Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures, edited by M. Balkanski, NATO ASI Series, High Technology (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996), Vol. 14, p. 91.

    Google Scholar 

  106. D. Bimberg, N. N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, N. Kirstaedter, O. Schmidt, M. H. Mao, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, S. S. Ruvimov, U. Gösele, and J. Heydenreich, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, Pt. 1, 1311 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. O. G. Schmidt, N. Kirstaedter, N. N. Ledentsov, M. H. Mao, D. Bimberg, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, Electron. Lett. 32, 1302 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maximov, A. F. Tsatsul’nikov, N. A. Bert, A. O. Kosogov, P. S. Kop’ev, D. Bimberg, and Zh. I. Alferov, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 417, 141 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  109. F. Heinrichsdorff, M.-H. Mao, N. Kirstaedter, A. Krost, D. Bimberg, A. O. Kosogov, and P. Werner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 22 (1997).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. Q. Xie, A. Kalburge, P. Chen, and A. Madhukar, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 8, 965 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. K. Kammath, P. Bhattacharya, T. Sosnowski, and J. Phillios, Electron. Lett. 30, 1364 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  112. A. Moritz, R. Wirth, A. Hangleiter, A. Kurtenbach, and K. Eberl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 212 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. H. Shoji, K. Mukai, N. Ohtsuka, M. Sugawara, T. Uchida, and H. Ishikawa, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 7, 1385 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Zh. I. Alfërov, A. M. Vasil’ev, S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, N. N. Ledentsov, M. É. Lutsenko, B. Ya. Mel’tser, V. M. Ustinov, Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 14, No. 19, 1803 (1988) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 14, 782 (1988)].

    Google Scholar 

  115. S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, N. N. Ledentsov, B. Ya. Meltser, M. Yu. Nadtochi, V. M. Ustinov, and A. M. Vasilev, Phys. Status Solidi A 118, 169 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Zh. I. Alförov, S. V. Ivanov, P. S. Kop’ev, N. N. Ledentsov, M. É. Lutsenko, Yu. Ya. Mel’tsep, M. I. Nemenov, V. M. Ustinov, and S. V. Shaposhnikov, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 24, 152 (1990) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 24, 92 (1990)].

    Google Scholar 

  117. Yu. M. Shernyakov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, S. V. Zaitsev, A. R. Kovsh, I. L. Krestnikov, A. V. Lunev, N. N. Ledentsov, M. V. Maksimov, A. V. Sakharov, V. M. Ustinov, Zhao Zhen’, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alfërov, and D. Bimberg, Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 23, No. 1, 51 (1997) [Tech. Phys. Lett. 23, 70 (1997)].

    Google Scholar 

  118. A. E. Zhukov, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. R. Kovsh, A. F. Tsatsul’nikov, N. N. Ledentsov, S. V. Zaitsev, N. Yu. Gordeev, P. S. Kop’ev, and Zh. I. Alferov, in Proc. Int’l. Symp. on the Formation, Physics, and Device Application of Quantum Dot Structures, November 4–7, 1996, Hokkaido University Conference Hall, Sapporo, Japan [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, Pt. 1, 4216 (1997)].

    Google Scholar 

  119. Y. Arakawa and A. Yariv, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE22, 1887 (1986).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. M. Grundmann and D. Bimberg, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, Pt. 1, 4181 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. M. Grundmann and D. Bimberg, Phys. Rev. B 55, 9740 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. L. V. Asryan and R. A. Suris, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 11, 554 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. L. V. Asryan and R. A. Suris, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 3, 148 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  124. R. A. Suris, in Future Trends in Microelectronics, edited by S. Luryi, J. Xu, and A. Zaslavsky (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996), p. 197.

    Google Scholar 

  125. R. Schur, F. Sogawa, M. Nishioka, S. Ishida, and Y. Arakawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L357 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  126. H. Saito, K. Nishi, I. Ogura, S. Sugou, and Y. Sugimoto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3140 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. D. L. Huffaker, O. Baklenov, L. A. Graham, B. G. Streetman, and D. G. Deppe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2356 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. N. N. Ledentsov, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. R. Kovsh, M. V. Maximov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, J. A. Lott, and D. Bimberg, in Proc. Int’l. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”, St. Petersburg, 1997, p. 195.

  129. J. A. Lott, N. N. Ledentsov, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kop’ev, Zh. I. Alferov, and D. Bimberg, Electron. Lett. 33, 1150 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  130. N. N. Ledentsov, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, M. V. Maksimov, I. G. Tatabadze, and P. S. Kop’ev, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 28, 1281 (1994) [sic].

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. A. F. Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia

    N. N. Ledentsov, V. M. Ustinov, V. A. Shchukin, P. S. Kop’ev & Zh. I. Alferov

  2. Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany

    D. Bimberg

Authors
  1. N. N. Ledentsov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. M. Ustinov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. A. Shchukin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. S. Kop’ev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zh. I. Alferov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. Bimberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 32, 385–410 (April 1998)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ledentsov, N.N., Ustinov, V.M., Shchukin, V.A. et al. Quantum dot heterostructures: Fabrication, properties, lasers (Review). Semiconductors 32, 343–365 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1187396

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1187396

Keywords

Search

Navigation