Skip to main content
Log in

Adrenerge α- und β-Receptoren und ihre spezifischen Hemmstoffe

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Klinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die wichtigsten pharmakologischen Befunde, die zur Klassifizierung der adrenergen α- und β-Receptoren geführt haben, werden besprochen. Hemmstoffe der α-Receptoren werden bereits seit längerer Zeit zu therapeutischen Zwecken verwandt. Ausführlicher werden die Hemmstoffe der β-Receptoren behandelt, die erst in den letzten Jahren Eingang in die Klinik gefunden haben. Die pharmakologischen Wirkungen, Nebenwirkungen und therapeutischen Indikationen der Receptorenhemmstoffe werden besprochen.

Summary

The pharmacological evidence for the classification of adrenergic α- and β-receptors is presented. Drugs blocking α-receptors have been used therapeutically for many years. β-adreneric receptor blocking agents were introduced only recently; they are discussed in more detail. The pharmacological actions, side effects and therapeutic uses of the receptor blocking drugs are summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  • Ahlquist, R. P.: A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Amer. J. Physiol.153, 586 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahlquist, R. P., andB. Levy: Adrenergic receptive mechanism of canine ileum. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.127, 146 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alleyne, G. A. O. et al.: Effect of pronethalol in angina pectoris. Brit. med. J.1963 II, 1226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonis, A., M. L. Clark, R. L. Hodge, M. Molony, andT. R. E. Pilkington: Receptor mechanisms in the hyperglycaemie response to adrenaline in man. Lancet1967 I, 1135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aviado, D. M., andC. F. Schmidt: Effects of sympathomimetic drugs on pulmonary circulation: With special reference to a new pulmonary vasodilator. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.120, 512 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Balcon, R., D. E. Jewitt, J. P. H. Davies, andS. Oram: A controlled trial of propranolol in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet1966 II, 917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bath, J. C. J. L., et al.: Propranolol acute myocardial infarction. A multicentre trial. Lancet1966 II, 1435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besterman, E. M. M., andD. H. Friedlander: Clinical experiences with propranolol. Postgrad. med. J.41, 526 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. W., W. A. M. Duncan, andR. G. Shanks: Comparison of some properties of pronethalol and propranolol. Brit. J. Pharmacol.25, 577 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. W., andJ. S. Stephenson: Pharmacology of a new adrenergic beta-receptor-blocking compound (Nethalide). Lancet1962 II, 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinks, J. R.: The nature of the antagonism by methoxamine of the chronotropic and inotropic effects of catecholamines. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak.248, 73 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollinger, A.: Therapie des hyperkinetischen Herzsyndroms. Dtsch. med. Wschr.92, 1399 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald, E., andL. S. Cohen: Amelioration of exercise induced angina pectoris in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with beta-adrenergic blockade. Circulation34 (Suppl. 3), 64 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro de la Mata, R., M. Penna, andD. M. Aviado: Reversal of sympathomimetic bronchodilation by dichloro-isoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.135, 197 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherian, G., J. F. Brockington, P. M. Shah, C. M. Oakley, andI. F. Goodwin: Beta-adrenergic blockade in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Brit. med. J.1966 I, 895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, J., M. Felsby, F. Schønan Jørgensen, B. Lyager Nielsen, J. Roin, andB. Strange: Absence of prophylactic effect of propranolol in myocardial infarction. Lancet1966 II, 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, P. C.: The effect of adrenergic blocking agents on the guinea-pig uterus in vitro, and a study of the histology of the intrinsic myometrial nerves. J. Physiol. (Lond.)169, 73 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, G. R., andW. Carr: Hemodynamic response to exercise after propranolol in normal subjects. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.44, 465 (1966a);

    Google Scholar 

  • Relief of dyspnoeic attacks in Fallot's tetralogy with propranolol. Lancet1966 I, 519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutts, F. B., andB. Rapoport: The routine use of quinidine in acute myocardial infarction. New Engl. J. Med.247, 81 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, H. H.: On some physiological actions of ergot. J. Physiol. (Lond.)34, 163 (1906).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornhorst, A. C., andB. F. Robinson: Clinical pharmacology of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (Nethalide). Lancet1962 II, 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doutheil, U., H. G. Ten Bruggencate u.K. Kramer: Coronarvasomotorik unter L-Noradrenalin und Isopropylnoradrenalin nach Blockierung der adrenergischenβ-Receptoren durch Nethalide. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.281, 181 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. E., andE. Braunwald: Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. New Engl. J. Med.275, 1106, 1175 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. E., B. F. Robinson, R. L. Kahler, andE. Braunwald: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on the cardiac response to maximal and submaximal exercise in man. J. clin. Invest.44, 1745 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B.: Effects of catecholamines on consecutive vascular sections. In: Adrenergic mechanisms. p. 190. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folle, L. E., andD. M. Aviado: Cardiovascular effects of anoxia and the influence of a new beta adrenergic receptor blocking drug. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.149, 79 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furchgott, R. F.: The receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenergic receptors). Pharmacol. Rev.11, 429 (1959);

    Google Scholar 

  • Receptors for sympathomimetic amines. In: Adrenergic mechanisms, p. 246. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhardt, W., H. Reindell, K. König u.Chr. Büchner: Herz- und Kreislaufdynamik nach medikamentöser Beta-Rezeptoren-Blockade. Verh. dtsch. Ges. Kreisl.-Forsch.31, 99 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillam, P. M. S., andP. N. C. Prichard: Use of propranol in angina pectrois. Birt. med. J.1965 II, 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Propranolol in the therapy of angina pectoris. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 366 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R. H. E. et al.: Multicenter trial of propranolol in angina pectoris. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 361 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Groat, W. C. de, andR. L. Volle: Interactions between the catecholamines and ganglion stimulating agents in sympathetic ganglia. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.154, 200 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hähnel, L.: Wirkungsnachweis einer Beta-Receptoren blockierenden Substanz am Verhalten einiger Kreislaufwerte. Z. Kreisl.-Forsch.55, 1023 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, J., T. Grandjean, C. Melendez, andG. E. Sowton: Effect of propranolol in angina pectoris: Preliminary report. Brit. med. J.1964 II, 720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A.: Long term treatment of paroxysmal cardiac arrhythmias with propranolol. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 431 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. S., C. D. Schoenfeld, R. H. Brooks, andA. M. Weissler: Reversal of epinephrine effects in the human by beta-adrenergic blockade. Clin. Res.12, 337 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D. C., E. Braunwald, G. Glick, D. T. Mason, C. A. Chidsey, andJ. Ross: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on circulation, with particular reference to observations in patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Circulation29, 84 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D. C., andJ. R. Griffin: Metabolic and circulatory responses to selective adrenergic stimulation and blockade. Circulation34, 218 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D. C., J. R. Griffin, andT. J. Fiene: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol in patients with atrial arrhythmias. New Engl. J. Med.273, 410 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegglin, R., H. P. Krayenbühl u.E. Lüthy: Der Einfluß einesβ-Rezeptorenblockers (Nethalide) auf einige Parameter der Kreislaufdynamik. Z. ges. exp. Med.138, 141 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellewell, J., andM. W. Potts: Propranolol and ventricular arrhythmias with halothane. Anaesthesia20, 269 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, H.: Zur Diagnostik und Behandlung obliterierender Gefäßerkrankungen der unteren Extremität. Dtsch. med. Wschr.81, 1308 und 1323 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, P., u.D. Palm: Brenzkatechinamine und andere sympathicomimetische Amine. Biosynthese und Inaktivierung, Freisetzung und Wirkung. Ergebn. Physiol.58, 328ff. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Honey, M., D. A. Chamberlain, andJ. Howard: Effect of beta-sympathetic blockade on arterial oxygen saturation in Fallot's tetralogy. Circulation30, 501 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, R., undR. G. Shanks: Optical isomers of propranolol. Nature (Lond.)210, 1336 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunscha, H., M. Kaltenbach u.W. Schellhorn: Zur Therapie der Angina pectoris. Objektive Prüfung von Medikamentenwirkungen mit Hilfe von Arbeitsversuchen. Therapiewoche16, 1153 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynie, S., M. Wenke u.E. Mühlbachová: Zur Charakteristik der Beeinflussung des Glycid-Metabolismus durch Adrenomimetica. Arzneimittel-Forsch.11, 858 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwatsuki, K., T. Yusa, Y. Hashimoto, andY. Watabe: Effect of propranolol on paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation. Tohoku J. exp. Med.88, 257 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, M.: Beta adrenergic blockade with Inderal (Propranolol) during anaesthesia. Anaesthesist15, 96 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keelan, P.: Double-blind trial of propranolol (Inderal) in angina pectoris. Brit. med. J.1965 I, 897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, M. N., L. Berman, andA. H. Rubenstein: Hypoglycemia precipitated by propranolol. Lancet1966 II, 1389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukovetz, W. R., u.G. Pöch: Die Hemmung mechanischer und metabolischer Ketecholaminwirkungen durch Isopropylmethoxamin und Kö 592 am Herzen. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmak. exp. Path.256, 310 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuschinsky, G., u.K. H. Rahn: Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen chinindinartigen undβ-adrenolytischen Wirkungen von 1-(3-Methylphenoxy)-2-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-aminopropan (Kö 592). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak.252, 50 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, A. M., A. Arnold, J. P. McAuliff, F. P. Luduena, andT. G. Brown jr. Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature (Lond.)214, 597 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, A. M., andT. G. Brown jr.: Comparison of the cardiac stimulating and bronchodilator actions of selected sympathomimetic amines. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)116, 331 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, J. N.: On the reaction of cells and of nerve-endings to certain poisons, chiefly as regards the reaction of striated muscle to nicotine and to curari. J. Physiol. (Lond.)33, 374 (1905).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B., andR. P. Ahlquist: Adrenergic drugs. In:Drill's pharmacology in medicine (ed.:J. R. Di Palma), p. 463. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. V., andV. Richards: Inotropic and chronotropic effects of a series ofβ-adrenergic blocking drugs: Some structure-activity relationships. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)122, 373 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B., andS. Tozzi: The adrenergic receptive mechanism of the rat uterus. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.142, 178 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucchesi, B. R.: The actionof nethalide upon experimentally induced cardiac arrhythmias. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.145, 286 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucchesi, B. R., andH. F. Hardman: The influence of dichlorisoproterenol (DCI) and related compounds upon ouabain and acethylstrophanthidin induced cardiac arrhythmias. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.132, 372 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, R. A.: Adrenergic blocking drugs and adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. In:Drill's Pharmacology in medicine (ed.:J. R. Di Palma), p. 502. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Co. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, G. M., E. Robertson, andR. B. Elliot: The effect of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent (nethalide; Alderlin) upon the general and coronary haemodynamics of the intact animal. Austral. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci.41, 511 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, D. H., R. J. Corliss, S. Sialer, W. C. Zarnstoff, Ch. W. Crumpton, andG. W. Rowe: Effect of propranolol on systemic and coronary hemodynamics at rest and during simulated exercise. Circulat. Res.19, 520 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, R. S.: Effect of aβ-adrenergic-blocking agent, propranolol, on asthmatics. Lancet,1964 II, 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Neill, R. S., andCh. G. Ingram: Effect of propranolol on ventilatory function. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 473 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, M., P. Hedwall u.H. Brunner: Wirkungen von Hydralazin und Propranolol auf Coronardurchblutung und Sauerstoffverbrauch des Myokard. Helv. physiol. pharmakol. Acta23, C36 (1965).

  • Meier, J., H. Lydtin u.N. Zöllner: Über die Wirkung von adrenergenβ-Receptorenblockern auf ventilatorische Funktionen bei obstruktiven Lungenkrankheiten. Dtsch. med. Wschr.91, 145 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, N. C., J. I. Moore, A. K. Holcomb, andG. Mushet: Antagonism of adrenergically induced cardiac arrhythmias by dichlorisoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.136, 327 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, N. C., andM. E. Perkins: Adrenergic blockade of the mammalian heart by a dichloro analogue of isoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.124, 223 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, G. G., D. A. Chamberlain, andD. Turnstall Pedoe: Effects ofβ-sympathetic blockade on non-esterified-fatty-acid and carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise. Lancet1964 II, 930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, M.: The pharmacology of adrenergic blockade. Pharmacol. Rev.1, 27 (1949);

    Google Scholar 

  • Die medikamentöse Behandlung des Schocks. In: Schock. Pathogenese und Therapie, S. 398 (Hrsg.K. D. Bock). Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, M., andC. M. Chan: Blockade of responses of isolated myocardium to epinephrine. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.133, 186 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paget, G. E.: Carcinogenic action of pronethalol. Brit. med. J.1963 II, 1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parratt, J. R.: Blockade of sympatheticβ-receptors in the myocardial circulation. Brit. J. Pharmacol.24, 601 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parratt, J. R., andJ. Grayson: Myocardial vascular reactivity after beta-adrenergic blockade. Lancet1966 I, 338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulk, E. A., andJ. W. Hurst: Clinical problems of cardioversion. Amer. Heart J.70, 248 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilkington, T. R. E., R. D. Lowe, B. F. Robinson, andE. Titterington: Effect of adrenergic blockade on glucose and fatty-acid mobilisation in man. Lancet1962 II, 316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, C. E., andI. H. Slater: Blocking of inhibitory adrenergic receptors by a dichloro analog of isoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.122, 480 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prichard, B. N. C.: Hypotensive action of pronethalol. Brit. med. J.1964 I, 1227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prichard, B. N. C., andP. M. S. Gillam: Use of propranolol (Inderal) in treatment of hypertension. Brit. med. J.1964 II, 725;

    Google Scholar 

  • Propranolol in hypertension. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 387 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, R., D. P. Stables, N. W. Levin, andM. M. Suzman: The prophylactic value of propranolol in angina pectoris. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 370 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahn, K. H., u.Th. Ockenga: Über die Beziehungen zwischen denβ-adrenolytischen Wirkungen und dem Einfluß auf Herzfrequenz und Herzminutenvolumen vonβ-Receptoren blok-kierenden Substanzen. Klin. Wschr. (im Druck).

  • Richards, F. A.: Propranolol in hypertension. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 384 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. B.: Effect of various compounds on adrenergic mechanisms recorded by changes in heart rates of anaesthetized mice. Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.)20, 253 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E. J., B. N. C. Prichard, L. Kaufman, A. I. G. Robertson, andB. J. Harris: Preoperative and operative management of patients with pheochromocytoma. Brit. med. J.1967 I, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossum, J. M. van: Different types of sympathomimetic α-receptors. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.17, 202 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. J., G. Howitt, andP. Markman: Propranolol (Inderal) in disturbances of cardiac rhythm. Brit. med. J.1965 I, 891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaepdryver, A. F. de: Fluorometric estimation of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine and blood and diagnosis of chromaffin cell tumors. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn.121, 489 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schamroth, L.: Immediate effects of intravenous propranolol on various cardiac arrhythmias. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 438 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, E.: Untersuchungen über Physiologie und Pathophysiologie des sympathikoadrenalen Systems durch Bestimmung der Vanillin-Mandelsäure-Ausscheidung im Harn mit dünnschichtchromatographischer Technik. Arch. Kreisl.-Forsch.49, 83 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, G., andL. Werkö: Hemodynamic studies and clinical experience with nethalide, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Amer. J. Cardiol.15, 58 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schümann, H. J.: Die biochemische Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms. Dtsch. med. Wschr.86, 2016 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekiya, A., andE. M. Vaughan Williams: A comparison of the antifibrillatory actions and effects on intracellular cardiac potentials of pronethalol, Disopyramide and quinidine. Brit. J. Pharmacol.21, 473 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanks, R. G.: Methods for the evaluation of adrenergic beta-receptor antagonits. Methods in drug evaluation, ed. byP. Mantegazza andF. Piccinini, p. 183. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloman, G., J. S. Robinson, andK. McLean: Propranolol (Inderal) in persistent ventricular fibrillation. Brit. med. J.1965 I, 895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. B.: Relaxation of the nictitating membrane of the spinal cat by sympathomimetic amines. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.142, 163 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, P. J. D.: Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with propranolol. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 458 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Somani, P., andB. K. B. Lum: The antiarrhythmic actions of beta adrenergic blocking agents. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.147, 194 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowton, E., andJ. Hamer: Hemodynamic changes after beta adrenergic blockade. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 317 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, S. C., H. A. Dewar, andD. J. Newell: Double-blind trial of propranolol (Inderal) in angina of effort. Brit. med. J.1964 II, 724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen, St. A.: Unwanted effects of propranolol. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 463 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, J. P. P. Beta adrenergic blocking drugs in the clinical management of cardiac arrhythmias. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 444 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, J. P. P., andN. Dale: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in cardiac arrhythmias. Brit. med. J.1963 II, 1230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strubelt, O.: Die kalorigene und positiv chronotrope Wirkung sympathicomimetischer Amine und ihre Beeinflussung durch Blockade der adrenergischenβ-Rezeptoren. Arzneimittel-Forsch.16, 587 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanz, R. D.: The action of ouabain on cardiac muscle treated with reserpine and dichloroisoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.144, 205 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. R., C. J. Johnston, andA. D. Jose: Reversal of digitalis intoxication by beta-adrenergic blockade with pronethalol. New Engl. J. Med.271, 877 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsolakas, T. C., J. P. H. Davies, andS. Oram: Propranolol in attempted maintenance of sinus rhythmus after electrical defibrillation. Lancet1964 II, 1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M. J., S. J. Alcock, and S. B.de Baker: Absence of carcinogenic properties of propranolol in mice. Brit. med. J.1965 II, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. B.: Propranolol in the treatment of digitalis-induced and digitalis-resistant tachycardias. Amer. J. Cardiol.18, 450 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. H. K., andS. G. Blount jr.: Modification of cardiovascular responses by propranolol. Brit. Heart J.29, 310 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waal, H. J.: Hypotensive action of propranolol. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.7, 588 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Warkentin, D. L., andM. R. Valenca: Response of hyperkinetic heart syndrome to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Clin. Res.13, 404 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winsor, T., andC. Hyman: Clinical pharmacology of vasodilating drugs. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.2, 636 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wislicki, L.: The effect of pronethalol on rabbit auricles and its interactions with sympathomimetic amines. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn.152, 69 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, S., M. V. Herman, J. M. Sullivan, andR. Gorlin: Conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter by propranolol. Brit. Heart J.29, 305 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, S., S. I. Robbins, andN. Krasnow: Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Amer. Heart J.72, 177 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid, G., andG. N. Beall: Bronchial response to beta-adreneric blockade. New Engl. J. Med.275, 580 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Muscholl, E., Rahn, K.H. Adrenerge α- und β-Receptoren und ihre spezifischen Hemmstoffe. Klin Wochenschr 46, 113–119 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01727368

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01727368

Navigation