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Chromosomenanomalien und Tumorentstehung

Chromosome aberrations and the origin of tumors

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Summary

In the last few years new facts concerning the relations between chromosomal aberrations and oncogenesis have been gathered from two different areas of cytogenetic research:

  1. 1.

    It could be shown that the tumor risk is dramatically increased in patients with chromosome breakage, caused by exogen or genetic factors. The same is mostly true in patients with congenital chromosome aberrations.

  2. 2.

    In some animal and human tumors chromosomal anomalies were detected which were relatively typical for the tumor in question. Among the human tumors the chronic myeloic leukaemia is the most common example, but also in other tumorous disorders of the bone marrow certain chromosomal aberrations have been observed unexpectedly often. Under the human solid tumors only the meningioma and the malignant lymphomas show specific aberrations of the karyotype.

Considering these new facts, different theories about the importance of chromosomal disturbances in oncogenesis are discussed. Special interest is paid to the question whether chromosome aberrations make the cells susceptible for oncogenic agents in an unspecific way, or if only the loss or gain of specific chromosomes or parts of chromosomes facilitate the occurrence of malignancy in human or animal cells. On the contrary, attention must be paid to the possibility that the chromosomal aberrations are only an accompanying phenomenon with no direct relation to oncogenesis.

Zusammenfassung

In den letzten Jahren wurden von zwei relativ unterschiedlichen zytogenetischen Forschungsrichtungen Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen Chromosomenanomalien und der Entstehung von Tumoren gefunden:

  1. 1.

    Es stellte sich heraus, daß Patienten mit exogen oder genetisch bedingter Chromosomenbrüchigkeit ein stark erhöhtes Tumorrisiko haben. Das gleiche gilt in abgeschwächter Form für Patienten mit angeborenen Chromosomenanomalien.

  2. 2.

    Bei einigen tierischen und menschlichen Tumoren wurden Chromosomenveränderungen gefunden, die für den jeweiligen Tumor relativ typisch sind. Unter den menschlichen Tumoren ist die chronisch myeloische Leukämie das bekannteste Beispiel, aber auch für andere tumoröse Erkrankungen des Knochenmarks wurden Anomalien einiger weniger Chromosomen besonders häufig festgestellt. Unter den soliden menschlichen Tumoren sind bisher nur für das Meningeom und die malignen Lymphome spezifische Chromosomenaberrationen beschrieben worden.

Anhand dieser Befunde werden verschiedene Theorien über die Bedeutung von Chromosomenanomalien für die Tumorentstehung diskutiert, insbesondere, ob chromosomale Störungen ganz allgemein und unspezifisch die Zellen für tumorauslösende Faktoren empfänglicher machen, oder ob nur der Verlust oder Zugewinn bestimmter Chromosomen bzw. Chromosomenabschnitte bei der Tumorentstehung eine Rolle spielt. Es wird jedoch auch die Möglichkeit erörtert, daß die Chromosomenanomalien eine Begleiterscheinung der Onkogenese darstellen könnten und mit der Tumorentstehung in keinem direkten Zusammenhang stehen.

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Die in der Arbeit diskutierten eigenen experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt

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Zankl, H., Zang, K.D. Chromosomenanomalien und Tumorentstehung. Klin Wochenschr 56, 7–16 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01476738

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