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Prinzipien des epithelialen Transportes in Niere und Darm

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Summary

Epithelia of kidney and small intestine consist of one layer of cells which, at their luminal edge, are linked together by terminal bars. Solute transport proceeds either across the cells, which is true of all active transports, or it proceeds paracellularly through the basolateral spaces and terminal bars and is then passive. The driving force for the active transport of a substance is derived either directly from metabolism (primary active transport), or from the gradient of another solute, usually Na+, which in turn is created by primary active transport. In the latter case the transport is referred to as secondary active. The driving forces of passive transport are the electrochemical gradient of the respective substance and solvent drag. The proximal parts of the kidney as well as of the intestine are leaky so that a considerable part of net reabsorption proceeds passively. Their distal parts, however, where the transport is regulated, are tight so that large concentration differences can be created and maintained. Transcellular active transport is only possible if the cells are polar, i.e., the transport characteristics of the luminal cell membrane differ from those of the contraluminal cell membrane. By measuring the cellular electrical potential difference or by measuring transport into isolated plasma membrane vesicles from either cell side the driving forces for the two transport steps, the luminal and contraluminal, have been elucidated. Schemes for the transport steps in the proximal tubule and in the small intestine are given. They show the principal similarity of the transport of many substances in both epithelia.

Zusammenfassung

Das Epithel von Niere und Darm besteht aus einer einzigen Lage von Zellen, die an ihrer luminalen Seite durch Schlußleisten zusammengekittet sind. Der Stofftransport geht entweder transzellulär durch die Zellen hindurch und ist dann in der Regel aktiv, oder er geht parazellulär an den Zellen vorbei durch die Schlußleisten und interzellulären Spalten und ist dann passiv. Die Triebkraft für den aktiven Transport kommt entweder direkt aus dem Stoffwechsel und wirkt mittels ATPasen auf die zu transportierenden Stoffe. Wir haben dann einen primär aktiven Transport vor uns. Oder sie kommt aus Gradienten von Substanzen, in erster Linie Natriumionen, die ihrerseits primär aktiv transportiert wurden. Man spricht dann von sekundär aktivem Transport. Die Triebkräfte für den passiven Transport sind Konzentrations- bzw. elektrochemische Potentialdifferenzen sowie der durch Reibung bedingte Mitreißeffekt des resorbierten Wassers. Sowohl in Niere als auch im Darm haben die proximalen Abschnitte, wo eine große Flüssigkeitsmenge isoton resorbiert wird, undichte Schlußleisten, so daß eine beträchtliche Substanzmenge passiv resorbiert werden kann. In den distalen Abschnitten hingegen, wo der Transport geregelt wird, sind die Schlußleisten dicht, so daß entsprechende Konzentrationsunterschiede erzeugt und aufrecht erhalten werden können. Aktiver Transport durch die Epithelzellen hindurch ist indessen nur möglich, wenn der Stofftransport polar ist, d.h. an der luminalen Zellseite anders als an der kontraluminalen Zellseite. Durch elektrophysiologische Messungen an den einzelnen Zellseiten als auch durch Transportmessungen an geschlossenen Vesikeln, die von den beiden Zellseiten gewonnen wurden, konnten die treibenden Kräfte für die einzelnen Substanzen weitgehend festgelegt werden. An Schemata, in die die Transportmechanismen der einzelnen Zellseiten eingezeichnet sind, wird eine weitgehende Identität der Transportmechanismen im proximalen Tubulus und Dünndarm deutlich.

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  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, D-6000, Frankfurt 70, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

    K. J. Ullrich, E. Frömter & H. Murer

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Ullrich, K.J., Frömter, E. & Murer, H. Prinzipien des epithelialen Transportes in Niere und Darm. Klin Wochenschr 57, 977–991 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01479983

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