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Adrenergic mechanisms and blood pressure regulation in diabetes mellitus

Adrenerge Mechanismen der Blutdruckregulation beim Diabetes mellitus

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Summary

Changes in blood pressure (BP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) following various stimuli of the sympathetic nervous system were studied in six healthy subjects and in 17 diabetic patients. The latter were subdivided in three groups: (1) six patients with neither peripheral neuropathy nor autonomic dysregulation, (2) six patients with severe peripheral neuropathy without autonomic dysregulation, and (3) five patients with autonomic dysregulation, three of whom suffered also from peripheral neuropathy. The following procedures were performed: (1) cold pressor test (2 min), (2) mechanical irritation of the skin by suction (0.75 kg/cm2, 10 min), (3) orthostasis (10 min), and (4) i.v. infusion of NE (50, 100, 200 ng kg−1 min−1 for 15 min each). Both the stimulated endogenous plasma NE levels and BP response to exogenous NE were the same in normal subjects, in diabetic controls and in diabetics with peripheral neuropathy without autonomic dysregulation. In contrast, diabetics with postural hypotension showed a less pronounced release of NE to standing (P<0.05), but not to cold pressor test and mechanical skin irritation. Furthermore, they showed increased vasoreactivity to the highest dose (P<0.05), but not to the lower doses of exogenous NE. Thus NE release and adrenergic BP regulation seem to be altered only in diabetics with clinical signs of autonomic dysregulation. These alterations can only be evaluated when patients are exposed to stimuli of higher intensity, such as orthostasis or infusion of a high NE dose.

Zusammenfassung

Das Verhalten von Blutdruck, Plus und Plasmanoradrenalin während verschiedener Stimulationsmanöver sympathisch nervöser Aktivität sowie das vaskuläre Reaktionsvermögen auf infundiertes Noradrenalin (50, 100 und 200 ng/kg−1/min−1,t=15 min) wurde bei 17 Diabetikern und 6 gesunden Probanden untersucht. Unterschieden wurden Diabetiker 1) ohne Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion und ohne periphere Neuropathie (n=6), 2) ohne Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion jedoch mit schwerer peripherer Neuropathie (n=6) und 3) mit autonomer Dysfunktion, mit (n=3) und ohne (n=2) peripherer Neuropathie. Während eines „Cold pressor tests“ (2 min), mechanischer Hautirritation (10 min) und Orthostase (10 min) zeigten Diabetiker ohne klinische Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion ein den gesunden Kontrollpersonen vergleichbares Verhalten von Blutdruck, Plus und Plasmanoradrenalin, während Diabetiker mit autonomer Dysfunktion unabhängig vom Bestehen einer peripheren Neuropathie während der Orthostase, nicht jedoch während des „Cold pressor tests“ und mechanischer Hautirritation eine deutlich herabgesetzte Noradrenalinfreisetzung (P<0.05) aufwiesen. Normalpersonen und Diabetiker ohne autonome Dysfunktion unterschieden sich bezüglich ihres Blutdruckverhaltens während Noradrenalininfusion nicht, während Diabetiker mit autonomer Dysfunktion auf die Verabreichung von exogenem Noradrenalin (200 ng/kg/min) mit einem gegenüber Normalpersonen verstärkten (P<0.05) Blutdruckanstieg reagierten. Störungen der Noradrenalinfreisetzung und der adrenergen Blutdruckregulation scheinen somit, unabhängig vom Bestehen einer peripheren Neuropathie, nur bei Diabetikern mit klinischen Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion aufzutreten. Der Nachweis derartiger Störungen gelingt jedoch nur bei Anwendung von Stimuli größerer Intensität wie Orthostase oder Infusion einer hohen Noradrenalindosis.

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Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., Vierhapper, H., Waldhäusl, W. et al. Adrenergic mechanisms and blood pressure regulation in diabetes mellitus. Klin Wochenschr 60, 823–828 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01728348

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