Summary
Cortical field potentials preceding hand movements initiated by a visual stimulus were recorded with chronically implanted electrodes in premotor, motor and somatosensory cortices of monkeys, and the influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy on cortical potentials as well as reaction time of movements were examined.
As reported previously, early surface-positive, depth-negative (2.5–3 mm depth from the cortical surface) premovement potentials emerged at about 40 ms latency after onset of the light stimulus bilaterally in premotor and forelimb motor areas. Early potentials in the forelimb motor area contralateral to the moving hand were followed at about 120 ms latency by surface-negative, depth-positive late premovement potentials which are considered to be mainly composed of superficial thalamo-cortical (T-C) responses.
Unilateral hemispherectomy of the cerebellum contralateral to the motor area immediately eliminated the surface-negative, depth-positive potentials. Reaction time from onset of the light stimulus to the hand movement was prolonged by 90–250 ms after cerebellar hemispherectomy. If the dentate and interpositus nuclei were also lesioned, disappearance of the late potentials and delay of the movement continued for many months. However, if the interpositus was spared, there was earlier recovery of reaction time with simultaneous reappearance of the late premovement potentials in the motor cortex.
The conclusion is drawn that the cerebellar hemisphere (neocerebellum) activates the motor cortex via superficial T-C projections and participates directly in the initiation of reaction movements in response to an external stimulus.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beaubaton D, Trouche E, Amato G, Grangetto A (1978) Dentate cooling in monkeys performing a visuo-motor pointing task. Neurosci Lett 8: 225–229.
Brooks VB (1979) Control of intended limb movements by the lateral and intermediate cerebellum. In: Asanuma H, Wilson, VJ (eds) Integration in the nervous system. Igaku-shoin, Tokyo New York.
Cotman CW, Nadler JV (1978) Reactive synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In: Cotman CW (ed) Neuronal plasticity. Raven Press, New York.
Deecke L, Scheid P, Kornhuber HH (1969) Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Exp Brain Res 7: 158–168.
Dow RS, Moruzzi G (1958) The physiology and pathology of the cerebellum. Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Evarts EV, Thach WH (1969) Motor mechanisms of the CNS, cerebrocerebellar interrelation. Ann Rev Physiol 31: 451–498.
Fulton JF, Dow RS (1937) The cerebellum. A summary of functional localization. Yale J Biol Med 10: 89–119.
Gemba H, Hashimoto S, Sasaki K (1981) Cortical field potentials preceding visually initiated hand movements in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 42: 435–441.
Gemba H, Sasaki K, Hashimoto S (1980a) Distribution of premovement slow cortical potentials associated with selfpaced hand movements in monkeys. Neurosci Lett 20: 159–163.
Gemba H, Sasaki K, Yoneda Y, Hashimoto H, Mizuno N (1980b) Tremor in the monkey with a cerebellar lesion. Exp Neurol 69: 173–182.
Gilden L, Vaughan HG, Costa LD (1966) Summated human EEG potentials with voluntary movement. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 20: 433–438.
Goldberger ME, Growdon JH (1973) Pattern of recovery following cerebellar deep nuclei lesion in monkeys. Exp Neurol 39: 307–322.
Hashimoto S, Gemba H, Sasaki K (1979) Analysis of slow cortical potentials preceding self-paced hand movement in the monkey. Exp Neurol 65: 218–229.
Holmes G (1917) The symptoms of acute cerebellar injuries due to gunshot injuries. Brain 40: 461–535.
Lamarre Y, Jacks B (1978) Involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of fast ballistic movement in the monkey, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol [Suppl] 34: 441–447.
Lamarre Y, Bioulac B, Jacks B (1978) Activity of precentral neurones in conscious monkeys: Effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation. J Physiol (Paris) 74: 253–264.
Lamarre Y, Spidalieri, Busby L, Lund JP (1980) Programming of initiation and execution of ballistic arm movements in the monkey. Prog Brain Res 54: 157–169.
Meyer-Lohmann J, Hore J, Brooks VB (1977) Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements. J Neurophysiol 40: 1038–1050.
Raisman G, Field PM (1973) A quantitative investigation of the development of collateral reinnervation after partial deafferentation of the septal nuclei. Brain Res 50: 241–264.
Sasaki K (1976/77) Electrophysiological studies on the cerebellothalamocortical projections. Appl Neurophysiol 39: 239–250.
Sasaki K, Gemba H (1981) Changes of premovement field potentials in the cerebral cortex during learning processes of visually initiated hand movements in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 27: 125–130.
Sasaki K, Gemba H, Hashimoto S (1981a) Influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy upon cortical potentials preceding visually initiated hand movements in the monkey. Brain Res 210: 425–430.
Sasaki K, Gemba H, Hashimoto S (1981b) Premovement slow cortical potentials on self-paced hand movements and thalamocortical and corticocortical responses in the monkey. Exp Neurol 72: 41–50.
Sasaki K, Gemba H, Hashimoto S, Mizuno N (1979) Influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy on slow potentials in the motor cortex preceding self-paced hand movements in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 15: 23–28.
Sasaki K, Kawaguchi S, Oka H, Sakai M, Mizuno N (1976) Electrophysiological studies on the cerebello-cerebral projections in monkeys. Exp Brain Res 24: 495–507.
Sasaki K, Staunton HP, Dieckmann G (1970) Characteristic features of augmenting and recruiting responses in the cerebral cortex. Exp Neurol 26: 369–392.
Spidalieri G, Busby L, Courville J, Lamarre Y (1979) Ballistic arm movements in the monkey: discharge patterns of motor cortex neurons and effects of dentate lesions. Neurosci Lett [Suppl] 3: S 120.
Thach WT (1975) Timing of activity in cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebral motor cortex during prompt volitional movement. Brain Res 88: 233–241.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sasaki, K., Gemba, H. & Mizuno, N. Cortical field potentials preceding visually initiated hand movements and cerebellar actions in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 46, 29–36 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00238095
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00238095