Skip to main content
Log in

Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula

“H” or “N” fistula

  • Main Topic
  • Published:
Pediatric Surgery International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

At the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 28 patients with a congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula were seen during a 38-year period, representing 5.2% of all babies seen with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Diagnostic delay occurred frequently because of failure to appreciate the significance of the clinical picture. There was variation in the level of the fistula; the basic pattern of investigation and management is now quite uniform.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aberdeen E (1968) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula without oesophageal atresia. In: Rob C, Smith R (eds) Operative surgery, vol 2. Butterworths, London, p 363

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmed S (1972–1974) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fisula without atresia (H-fistula). South Austr Clin 6: 388–391

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ashcraft TM, Holder KW (1976) Esophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula malformations. Surg Clin North Am 56: 299–315

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bedard P, Girvan DP, Shandling B (1974) Congenital H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 9: 663–668

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bivins BA, Reed MF, Belin RP, Goldenberg DM (1977) Diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula by radioscanning. J Surg Res 23: 384–386

    Google Scholar 

  6. Blank R, Connar R, Carolton L Jr (1967) Problems encountered in the management of congenital esophageal anomalies. South Med J 60: 1180–1183

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cautley E (1917) Malformation of the oesophagus. Br J Child Dis 14: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen SJ (1965) Unusual types of esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Diagnostic aids and procedures. Clin Pediatr 4: 271–275

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cumming WA (1975) Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Radiol Clin North Am 13: 277–295

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dunbar JS (1958) Congenital oesophageal stenosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 5: 443–455

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dunbar JS, Skinner GB, Wortzman G, Stuart JR (1959) An investigation of effects of opaque media on the lungs with comparison of barium sulphate, Lipiodol and Dionosil. Am J Roentgenol 89: 902–926

    Google Scholar 

  12. Durston W (1670) A narrative of a monstrous birth in Plymouth October 22, 1670; together with the anatomical observations taken thereupon by William Durston, Doctor in Physick and communicated to Dr Tim Clerk. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 5: 2096

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eckstein Hb, Somasundarum K (1966) Multiple tracheo-esophageal fistulas without atresia. Report of a case. J Pediatr Surg 1: 381–383

    Google Scholar 

  14. Eckstein HB, Aberdeen E, Chrispin A, Nixon HH, Waterston DH, Wilkinson A (1970) Tracheo-esophageal fistula without oesophageal atresia. Z Kinderchir 9: 1, 43–49

    Google Scholar 

  15. Egami K, Myers NA (1982) Paper presented at the 6th Meeting of the Asian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, Bali, Indonesia

  16. El Shafie M, Klippel CH, Blakemore WS (1978) Congenital esophageal anomalies. A plea for using anatomic descriptions rather than classifications. J Pediatr Surg 13: 355

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ferguson CF (1951) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula not associated with esophageal atresia. Laryngoscope 61: 718–766

    Google Scholar 

  18. Filston HC, Rankin JS, Kirks DR (1982) The diagnosis of primary and recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistulas: value of selective catheterisation. J Pediatr Surg 17: 144–148

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fluse Z, Poppen KJ (1951) Embryogenesis of tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. AMA Arch Pathol 52: 168–181

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gans SL, Berci G (1973) Inside tracheo-esophageal fistula: new endoscopic approaches. J Pediatr Surg 8: 205–211

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gans SL, Johnson RD (1977) Diagnosis and management of “H” type tracheo-esophageal fistula in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 12: 233–236

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gengenbach FP, Dobos EI (1941) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Pediatr 19: 644–655

    Google Scholar 

  23. Goulston E (1954) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Med J Aust 41: 977–978

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gruenwald P (1940) A case of atresia of the esophagus combined with tracheo-esophageal fistula in a 9 mm human embryo and its embryological explanation. Anat Rec 78: 293–302

    Google Scholar 

  25. Haas L, Sturridge MF (1961) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Proc R Soc Med 54: 329–330

    Google Scholar 

  26. Haight C (1948) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula without oesophageal atresia. J Thorac Surg 17: 600–612

    Google Scholar 

  27. Haight C (1957) Some observations on esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistulas of congenital origin. J Thorac Surg 34: 141–172

    Google Scholar 

  28. Haight C (1962) In: Benson CD, Mustard WT, Ravitch MM, Snyder WH, Welch KJ (eds) Pediatric Surgery Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 266–267

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hastings N (1966) Discussion of article by Johnston PW, Hastings N, Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula withput esophageal atresia. Am J Surg 112: 233–240

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hays D (1962) An analysis of the mortality in esophageal atresia. Am J Dis Child 103: 765–770

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hays DM, Woolley MM, Snyder WH (1966) Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula: management of the uncommon types. J Pediatr Surg 1: 240–252

    Google Scholar 

  32. Helmsworth J, Pryles C (1951) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without atresia. J Pediatr 38: 610–617

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hendren H (1974) Discussion of paper by Bedard P, Congenital H type tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 9: 663–668

    Google Scholar 

  34. Holden MP, Wooler GH (1970) Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia: result of 30 years' experience. Thorax 25: 406–412

    Google Scholar 

  35. Holder TM, Cloud DT, Lewis JE, Pilling GP IV (1964) Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. A survey of its members by the Surgical Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 34: 542–549

    Google Scholar 

  36. Holdermann AH (1927) Congenital atresia of the esophagus with esophageal diverticulum and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Arch Surg 14: 917–920

    Google Scholar 

  37. Holinger PH, Johnson KC, Potts WJ (1951) Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 60: 707–730

    Google Scholar 

  38. Holt JF, Haight C, Hodges FJ (1946) Congenital atresia of the esophagus and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Radiology 47: 457–470

    Google Scholar 

  39. Imperatori CJ (1939) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without atresia of the esophagus. Report of case with plastic closure and cure. Arch Otolaryngol 30: 352–359

    Google Scholar 

  40. Johnston PW, Hastings N (1966) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Am J Surg 112: 233–240

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kappelman MM, Dorst J, Haller JA, Stambler A (1969) H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula. Am J Dis Child 118: 568–575

    Google Scholar 

  42. Keibel F, Mall FP (1912) Manual of human embryology, vol 2. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 313

    Google Scholar 

  43. Killen DA, Greenlee HB (1965) Transcervical repair of H-type congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula. Review of the literature. Ann Surg 162: 145–150

    Google Scholar 

  44. Knox G (1951) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Surgery 30: 1016–1020

    Google Scholar 

  45. Koop CE (1974) In: Discussion of paper by Bedard et al. Congenital H type tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 9: 663–668

    Google Scholar 

  46. Krauss F (1902) In: Nothnagel H (ed) Specielle Pathologie and Therapie. Holder, Vienna, p 96

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kreuter E (1905) Die angeboren verschliessungen un verengeruingen des darmkanalis in lichte der entwicklungs—geschichte. Deutsch Z Chir 79: 1

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lam CR (1979) Diagnosis and surgical treatment of “H” type tracheo-esophageal fistulas. World J Surg 3: 651–657

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lamb DS (1873) A fatal case of congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula. Philadelphia Med Times 3: 705

    Google Scholar 

  50. Lasher CP (1966) In: Discussion of Paper by Johnston PW, Hastings N, Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Am J Surg 112: 233–240

    Google Scholar 

  51. Leigh TF, Abbott OA, Hopkins WA (1951) Roentgenologic considerations in tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Radiology 57: 871–877

    Google Scholar 

  52. Leven NL, Lannin BG (1945) Congenital atresia and congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Lancet 65: 179–181

    Google Scholar 

  53. Leven NL, Varco RL, Lannin BG, Tongen LA (1952) The surgical management of congenital atresia of esophagus and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Ann Surg 136: 701–709

    Google Scholar 

  54. Louhimo I, Lindahl H (1983) Esophageal atresia. Primary results of 500 consecutively treated patients. J Pediatr Surg 18: 217–229

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lynn H, Davis L (1961) Tracheo-esophageal fistula. Surg Clin North Am 41: 871–883

    Google Scholar 

  56. Meeker IA, Weitzmann JJ, Brennan LP (1967) Double gastrostomy for poor risk new-borns with esophageal atresia and distal tracheo-esophageal fistula (type C). Meeting Bremen

  57. Moncrieff JD, Randolph JG (1966) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without atresia of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 51: 434–442

    Google Scholar 

  58. Myers NA (1979) Oesophageal atresia: the epitome of modern surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 54: 277–287

    Google Scholar 

  59. Myers NA (1974) Oesophageal atresia &/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula ... a study of mortality. Prog Pediatr Surg 13: 141–165

    Google Scholar 

  60. Randolph JC, Tunell WP, Lilly JR, Altmann RP (1971) Gastric division: a surgical adjunct in selected problems with esophageal anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 6: 657–663

    Google Scholar 

  61. Reitter GS (1933) A case of congenital atresia of the upper end of the esophagus. Radiology 21: 587

    Google Scholar 

  62. Robb D (1952) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula without atresia but with large oesophageal diverticulum. Aust NZ J Surg 22: 120–122

    Google Scholar 

  63. Rothman P (1964) The clinical manifestations of tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Med Bull Children's Hosp (Los Angeles) 11: 49

    Google Scholar 

  64. Schneider KM, Becker JM (1962) The “H-type” tracheo-esophageal fistula in infants and children. Surgery 51: 677–686

    Google Scholar 

  65. Sieber WK, Girdany BR (1956) Tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia — congenital and recurrent. Pediatrics 18: 935–942

    Google Scholar 

  66. Stephens HB (1970) H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula complicated by esophageal stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 59: 325–329

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sundar B, Guiney EJ, O'Donnell B (1975) Congenital H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Arch Dis Child 50: 862–863

    Google Scholar 

  68. Swenson O (1962) In: Pediatric Surgery. Appleton-Century-Crifts, New York, p 155

    Google Scholar 

  69. Terracol J (1938) Les maladies de l'oesophage. Masson, Paris, p 127

    Google Scholar 

  70. Thomas PS, Chrispin AA (1969) Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula without oesophageal atresia. Radiology 20: 371–374

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ware GW, Cross LL (1954) Congenital tracheo-eesophageal fistula without atresia of the esophagus. Pediatrics 14: 254–258

    Google Scholar 

  72. Warren J, Evans K, Carter C (1979) Offspring of patient with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. J Med Genet 16: 338–340

    Google Scholar 

  73. Waterston DJ, Bonham-Carter RE, Aberdeen E (1962) Oesophageal atresia: tracheo-oesophageal fistula. A study of survival in 218 infants. Lancet 1: 819–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Waterston DJ, Bonham-Carter RE, Aberdeen E (1963) Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula in association with oesophageal atresia. Lancet II: 55–57

    Google Scholar 

  75. Weitzmann J (1974) Discussion of paper by Bedard P, Congenital H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 9: 663–668

    Google Scholar 

  76. Winslow PR, Bryant LR, Hasbrouck JD (1966) Cystoscope endoscopy in the H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula. Arch Surg 93: 520–522

    Google Scholar 

  77. Wolf RY, Duncan L, Pate JW (1965) Tracheo-esophageal fistula associated with esophageal duplication. Surgery 58: 728–730

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Offprint request to: N. A. Myers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Myers, N.A., Egami, K. Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 2, 198–211 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179572

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179572

Key words

Navigation