Summary
We have previously demonstrated that human olfactory epithelia can be classified into five grades according to the degree of degeneration present in patients with various kinds of olfactory disorders. In practice, however, the occurrence of additional types of cell changes in other kinds of olfactory disorders and findings with immunohistochemical techniques have led us to re-evaluate our previous classification. In the present study, changes in olfactory epithelia from ten patients with various kinds of olfactory disorders are discussed and a revised classification is proposed. Microvillar and differentiating cells were also evaluated in the epithelium studied.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Graziadei GAM, Gradziadei PPC (1979) Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals, II. Degeneration and reconstitution of the olfactory sensory neurons after axotomy. J Neurocytol 8:197–213
Graziadei PPC, Metcalf JF (1971) Autoradiographic and ultrastructural observations on the frog's olfactory mucosa. Z Zellforsch 116:305–318
Hasegawa S, Yamagishi M, Nakano Y (1986) Microscopic studies of human olfactory epithelia following traumatic anosmia. Arch Otolaryngol 243:112–116
Ichikawa M, Komatu A, Ichihara F, Asaga H, Heiryou K, Kubota T, Shigeyama M, Hasegawa S, Garai M (1967) Osmatic test with optico-winking as an objective response. Otolaryngology (Tokyo) 39:947–953
Matulionis DH, Breipohl W, Bhatnagar KP (1982) Degeneration and regeneration of olfactory epithelium in the mouse. A scanning electron microscopic study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 91 [Suppl]:1–12
Moran DT, Rowley JC III, Jafek BW (1982) Electron microscopy of human olfactory epithelium reveals a new cell type: the microvillar cell. Brain Res 243:39–46
Moran DT, Jafek BW, Rowley JC III, Eller PM (1985) Electron microscopy of olfactory epithelia in two patients with anosmia. Arch Otolarnygol 111:122–126
Okano M, Weber AF, Frommes SF (1967) Electron microscopic studies of the distal border of the canine olfactory epithelium. J Ultrastruct Res 17:486–502
Takagi S (1987) A standardized olfactometer in Japan. A review over ten years In: Roper SD, Atema J (eds) Olfaction and taste IX. New York Academy of Sciences, New York, p 113
Yamagishi M, Nakano Y (1989) Immunohistochemical studies of olfactory mucosa in patients with olfactory disturbances. Am J Rhinol 3:205–210
Yamagishi M, Hasegawa S, Takahashi S, Nakano Y, Iwanaga T (1987) Immunohistochemical method for the diagnosis of olfactory disturbance. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 103:145–150
Yamagishi M, Hasegawa S, Nakano Y (1988) Examination and classification of human olfactory mucosa in patients with clinical olfactory disturbances. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 24: 316–320
Yamagishi M, Hasegawa S, Takahashi S, Nakano Y, Iwanaga T (1989) Immunohistochemical analysis of the olfactory mucosa by use of antibodies to brain proteins and cytokeratin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98: 384–388
Yamagishi M, Nakamura H, Suzuki S, Hasegawa S, Nakano Y (1989) Immunohistochemical examination of human olfactory mucosa with olfactory disturbance following head trauma. Otol Fukuoka 35:1009–1013
Yamagishi M, Nakamura H, Takahashi S, Nakano Y, Iwanaga T (1989) Olfactory receptor cells: immunocytochemistry for nervous system-specific proteins and re-evaluation of their precursor cells. Arch Histol Cytol 52 [Suppl]: 375–381
Yamagishi M, Nakamura H, Suzuki S, Hasegawa S, Nakano Y (1990) Immunohistochemical examination of olfactory mucosa in patients with olfactory disturbance. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99:205–210
Yamamoto M (1976) An electron microscopic study of the olfactory mucosa in the bat and rabbit. Arch Histol Jpn 38:359–412
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Correspondence to: M. Yamagishi
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamagishi, M., Nakano, Y. A re-evaluation of the classification of olfactory epithelia in patients with olfactory disorders. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 249, 393–399 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192261
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192261