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The English in Muscovy during the Sixteenth Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
Extract
In the sixteenth century England had not become Empress of the ocean; but the enterprising spirit which mainly contributed to her pre-eminence had induced her even then to compete with Spain, Portugal, and Genoa, for the sovereignty of the seas.
A favourite project of English navigators was the discovery of a direct passage through the polar seas to Cathay and India. They imagined that this passage could be found by ships sailing from English ports in a north-easterly direction. This theory being supported by the renowned navigator Sebastian Cabot, a company was registered in England under the title of “Merchants A dventurers for the Discoverie of Lands, Territories, and Seignories Unknown.” Each member was to subscribe not less than twenty-five pounds, and the company in a short time raised a capital of £6,000. The majority were swayed by the hope of gain; but there were some who desired to solve an interesting problem, and to advance the commercial interests of their country; among these were the Marquis of Winchester, the Earls of Arundel, Bedford, and Pembroke, and Lord Howard of Emngham.
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- Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1878
References
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Page 60 note † Conf. with the descriptions of Kobenzel, the Austrian ambassador in 1575 (see Karamsin's Hist, of the Russian Empire, vol. ix.).
Page 62 note * To this word Hakluyt adds the following note: “Jair, I would reade Mair, that is in the Sarasen language; mixt of Turkish and Ægyptian; Februarie interpreted by them the moneth to set ships to the sea.”
Page 63 note * See Notes to vol. ix. of Karamsin's History of the Russian Empire.
Page 67 note * The original rouble as well as the original pound sterling was equal to 1 lb. of silver; but in the sixteenth century both had greatly decreased in value, the rouble in particular, so that the parallel indicated can be comprehended simply as explicative.
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Page 74 note * Brit. Mus., Cotton MSS., Nero, Plut., xxii., E. 4.
Page 74 note † State Paper Office, London.
Page 75 note * Prince Athanasius Ivanowich Viasemsky.
Page 75 note † Peter Gregorieff.
Page 75 note ‡ Andrew Gregorievich.
Page 75 note § Simon Sevastianoff.
Page 77 note * This word is written on the margin.
Page 80 note * State Paper Office, London.
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Page 82 note * These words have been erased.
Page 86 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero, B. xi., 16.
Page 88 note * On the margin, “Midelton.”
Page 88 note * On the margin “Randall.”
Page 89 note * Prince Athanasius Ivanowich Viasemsky, John Mikhailof, and Andrew Vassilef.
Page 89 note * On the margin, “Reported by m-r Randolf honorablie.”
Page 89 note ‡ Peter Gregorief.
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Page 89 note ∥ Incorrect translation: the original signifies, “without confirmation by oath.”
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Page 108 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero viii. 18 and 19.
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