Influence of Nd substitution on the superconducting properties of ceramics in the 2212 system Bi2−wPbwSr2−xCa1−yNdx+yCu2O8+z

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Abstract

In the system Bi2−wPbwSr2−xCa1−yNdx+yCu2O8+z different fractions of Nd are substituted on either Sr of Ca sites in order to introduce intrinsic insulating pinning centres. It is shown that a Nd concentration around x or y = 0.2 is likewise favourable with an average NdNd distance in the range of the coherence length in the a, b-plane. However, clear evidence of flux pinning is only present for charge compensation with Pb2+. A simultaneous substitution of the Bi-based 2212 superconductor with moderate amounts of Nd3+ and Pb2+ improves the superconducting properties by strengthening the flux pinning forces.

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    Also, the Pb-substituted Bi-2212 [(Bi, Pb)-2212] has enhanced JCs in applied fields compared to the Pb-free Bi-2212 [5]. Again, a few studies reported that the flux pinning strength of (Bi, Pb)-2212 increases by rare-earth (RE) doping [6–8]. The flux pinning ability is usually determined from the values of flux pinning force density and activation energy [6,9,10] because the activation energy is the measure of flux pinning strength of the superconductor.

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