Influence of the electric field on compensation in a uranium/tetramethylpentane hadronic calorimeter

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(90)91738-W

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Volume 292, Issue 1, 15 June 1990, Pages 113-120

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91738-W Get rights and content

Abstract

A uranium tetramethylpentane hadronic calorimeter has been tested using electrons and pions of 7 GeV/c momentum with electric fields varying from 0.8 to 16.0 kV/cm; the e/π charge collection ratio has been measured as a function of the electric field within this range. It is observed that the e/π ratio can be tuned acting on the electric field without spoiling the energy resolution for electrons. At the same time the energy resolution for pions is improved. The effect was cross-checked using a second module and 40 GeV/c electron and pion beams.

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Experimental determination of the energy generated in nuclear cascades by a high energy beam
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An already existing, sub-critical arrangement made of natural uranium and water moderator has been exposed to a low intensity (≈ 10⁹ ppp) proton beam from CERN-PS at several kinetic energies from 600 MeV to 2.75 GeV. The energy delivered by the hadronic cascade induced by the beam in the device has been measured by the temperature rise of small sampling blocks of uranium located in several different positions inside the device and counting the fissions in thin probe foils of natural uranium. We find typically G ≈ 30 in reasonable agreement with calculations, where G is the ratio of the energy produced in the device to the energy delivered by the beam. This result opens the way to the realisation of the so-called Energy Amplifier, a practical device to produce energy from thorium or depleted uranium targets exposed to an intense high energy proton beam. Results show that the optimal kinetic is ≥ 1 GeV, below which G decreases but is still acceptable in the energy range explored
Saturation of ion yield in 2,2,4,4 tetramethylpentane for nonrelativistic particles
1993, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
The ion yield of 2,2,4,4 tetramethylpentane has been measured for electric fields between 600 V/cm and 3600 V/cm using 400 MeV/c protons and 150 MeV/c pions from the TRIUMF accelerator. In this measurement particle trajectories are selected to be parallel to the electric field of the ion chamber. A comparison of the ion yield for minimum ionizing particles (400 MeV/c pions) with the ion yield for more highly ionizing particles shows a saturation of the free electron production for highly ionizing radiation. The result can be parametrized using Onsager Theory and a Birks factor, k_B = 0.176±0.025 cm/MeV for values of dE/dx between 1.59 and 7.49 MeV/cm. A calculation of the Birks factor from the free ion yields at each electric field gives a field dependence of k_B = 0.222±0.014 cm/MeV at 600 V/cm dropping to k_B = 0.141±0.021 cm/MeV at 3625 V/cm, where it is consistent with data measured by the UA1 collaboration using higher electric fields.
On the application of the Onsager theory to the description of the free-ion yield observed in "warm liquids" irradiated by γ-rays
1992, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B
We have analysed existing data on the free ion yield produced by γ-radiolysis of “warm liquids”, namely neopentane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl pentane, tetramethyl silane, tetramethyl germanium and tetramethyl tin, within the framework of the Onsager theory. Four distribution functiions (describing the separation distance r between electron-ion pairs at thermalization) were considered: a delta function, an exponential function, an exponential times r, and an exponential times r². With a suitable choice of the two adjustable parameters, G(∞) and ϱ - where G(∞) is the number of electron-ion pairs initially produced per every 100 eV released in the sample, and ϱ is the mean thermalization distance - all four distributions describe the data approximately. However, an independent estimate of G(∞) based on the justifiable assumption that the ratio between the average energy W, which is necessary to create an electron-ion pair, and the ionization energy, is the same in the liquid as it is in the gas, and is the same in all warm liquids, allows a choice to be made between these functions.
On the other hand, a least-squares polynomial fit representation of the data (in powers of the applied electric field E) indicates that the usual linear expansion of the free ion yield, $G(E) = G(0)(1 + E E_{0})$ , does not provide a good representation of the data.
Performance of a combined uranium/tetramethylpentane calorimeter with different sampling fractions
1992, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
The uranium/tetramethylpentane calorimeter, developed for the UA1 experiment, was used to study different calorimeter configurations in a test beam. The results on the performance of modules with different sampling fractions combined in a single setup is presented. To sum the contributions from these modules the determination of the relative calibration constants is crucial. This was done using several methods. The results are discussed with special emphasis on the resolution for hadrons and the ratio of the electron to pion response.
Performance of a uranium/tetramethylpentane calorimeter backed by an iron/scintillator calorimeter
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We present results from the barrel depleted uranium/TMP calorimeter modules constructed by the UA1 Collaboration. Electromagnetic and hadronic energy resolutions have been measured using electron and pion beams with momenta in the range 7 to 70 GeV/c. Results on the energy linearity and the spatial uniformity of response are reported. The electromagnetic shower position resolution has been measured as a function of energy using a fine grained position detector placed at a depth of − 3.5χ₀. The noise arising both from the electronics chain and from the uranium radioactivity is compared with 70 GeV/c muon signals. The ratio of the electron to pion response has been measured both as a function of the energy and of the electric field. The high lateral and longitudinal granularity of the calorimeter and the presence of a position detector have been used to determine the electron pion separation as a function of energy.

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Influence of the electric field on compensation in a uranium/tetramethylpentane hadronic calorimeter

Abstract

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Physica

Design report of a U/TMP calorimeter for the UA1 experiment with ACOL

UA1 Technical Note TN/86-12

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.