Étude expérimentale et analyse des fonctions d'excitation 165Ho(α, χn) et 169Tm (α, χn)

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(68)90502-2

Nuclear Physics A

Volume 121, Issue 1, 2 December 1968, Pages 131-144

https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(68)90502-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

Absolute cross sections and excitation functions for α-induced reactions have been measured from 15 to 55 MeV by activation and stacked-foil techniques. The following reactions were observed: ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, 5n)¹⁶⁴Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, 4n)¹⁶⁵Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, 3n)¹⁶⁶Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, 2n)¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, n)¹⁶⁸Tm, ¹⁶⁹Tm(α, 5n)¹⁶⁸Lu, ¹⁶⁹Tm(α, 4n)¹⁶⁹Lu, ¹⁶⁹Tm(α, 3n)¹⁷⁰Lu, ¹⁶⁹Tm(α, 2n)¹⁷¹Lu and ¹⁶⁹Tm(α, n)¹⁷²Lu. The experimental results agree fairly well with the theoretical value for T = 1.66 MeV except for the high-energy “tail” of these reactions. Interpretations were proposed with the help of a quantal process instead of Monte-Carlo calculation.

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Unfortunately, all the γ-line intensities of this radionuclide are below 10%. Nevertheless, the α-induced reaction on Tm [54] is a possible production pathway (Fig. S1). Several other radionuclides were identified in the samples, such as 111In (Fig. 4D) and 24Na (Fig. S2).
Automation of irradiated bismuth target dissolution and astatine recovery from nitric acid media has been achieved at Texas A&M University. This process can be controlled remotely; it does not require any chemical treatment or evaporation of dissolution solution prior to the separation of above-mentioned elements on an extraction chromatography column, making the final product ready within 20 min. The accompanying radio-impurities have been identified and successfully separated from astatine, leading to greater than 99% radiopurity of the desired fractions. The system consists of only one pump and a set of LabVIEW controlled valves, and allows the connection of up to 10 different columns, providing the opportunity to prepare a variety of air dry columns, which can be different column geometries, containing astatine ready for further chemistry or shipment to desired facilities.
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Aside from the medical applications, measurements of low energy nuclear processes via the (α,n) and (α,γ) reactions are very important in γ-process (p-process) nucleosynthesis, the photodisintegration phenomenon of nuclei heavier than Fe in explosive stellar processes, and to improve the determination of certain astrophysical reaction rates [8]. A comprehensive analysis of all previous measurements of alpha-particle induced reactions on holmium [6,9–19] shows large and unacceptable discrepancies. New measurements have therefore been made, using relatively large number of holmium foils, to explore the excitation functions at various energy points.
The production cross sections of ^165–168Tm radioisotopes produced in α-particle induced reactions on ¹⁶⁵Ho were measured from 49.6 MeV down to the respective thresholds using the stacked-foil activation technique and HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry. The measured excitation functions were compared with previous measurements as well as the TENDL-2019 library. We also calculated the thick target yields for all the assessed radioisotopes by integration of the measured excitation functions and found that they show good agreement with the directly measured thick target yields except for ¹⁶⁸Tm production.
Activation cross-sections of proton induced reactions on natHf in the 38–65 MeV energy range: Production of 172Lu and of 169Yb
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The experimental data are in good agreement and, not considering the small energy shift, the TENDL description is also acceptably good (Fig. 39). Four experimental data sets were found measured by Sau 1968 [41], Singh 1990 [36], Mahon Rao 1994 [42] and Patel 1999 [39]. A good agreement for the experimental data, but significant disagreement with the TENDL-2017 is seen (Fig. 40).
In the frame of a systematical study of light ion induced nuclear reactions on hafnium, activation cross sections for proton induced reactions were investigated. Excitation functions were measured in the 38–65 MeV energy range for the ^natHf(p,xn)^{180g,177,176,175,173}Ta, ^natHf(p,x)^{180m,179m,175,173,172,171}Hf, ^{177g,173,172,171,170,169}Lu and ^natHf(p,x)¹⁶⁹Yb reactions by using the activation method, combining stacked foil irradiation and off line gamma ray spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared with earlier results in the overlapping energy range, and with the theoretical predictions of the ALICE IPPE and EMPIRE theoretical codes and of the TALYS code reported in the TENDL-2015 and TENDL-2017 libraries. The production routes of ¹⁷²Lu (and its parent ¹⁷²Hf) and of ¹⁶⁹Yb are reviewed.
Study of excitation functions of alpha-particle induced nuclear reactions on holmium for 167Tm production
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¹⁶⁷Tm is a candidate radioisotope for both nuclear medicine diagnostics and therapy due to its emitted Auger-electrons, low energy X- and gamma-rays. In the frame of a systematic study of excitation functions for production of medically relevant radioisotopes by charged particle induced reactions on rare earths, the ¹⁶⁵Ho(α,2n)¹⁶⁷Tm reaction and the ¹⁶⁵Ho(α,n)¹⁶⁸Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α,3n)¹⁶⁶Tm, ¹⁶⁵Ho(α,4n)¹⁶⁵Tm side reactions were measured up to 40 MeV by the stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma-ray spectroscopy. The measured results were compared to the ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II theoretical curves. Thick target yields, impurity levels and specific activities were deduced and compared with the same parameters for other charged particle production routes of ¹⁶⁷Tm.
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Excited levels of the strongly-deformed odd-odd nucleus ¹⁶⁶Tm, populated by the ¹⁶⁵Ho(α,3nγ) reaction, were investigated using standard in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy, including measurements of a few conversion electron lines, and by high-resolution curved-crystal spectroscopy. A level scheme consisting of 178 transitions among 6 well-developed and 4 partial rotational bands is proposed. Level spins and parities were determined and the results were interpreted in the framework of the Nilsson model by comparison with predictions. The Gallagher-Moszkowski splitting for the { $π 12^{+} [411] ± ν 52^{+} [642]$ } configuration was determined to be 245(20) keV. An anomalous signature splitting was observed for the ${π 72^{+} [404] + ν 52^{+} [642]}K^{π} = 6^{+}$ configuration.
Study of the levels in 167Tm by the 165Ho(α, 2nγ)167Tm reaction
1980, Nuclear Physics, Section A
Gamma-ray spectra following the ¹⁶⁵Ho(α, 2n)¹⁶⁷Tm reaction have been studied using different semiconductor detector systems including a Compton suppression spectrometer. Approxi- mately 400 transitions have been observed in the energy range 60 to 1250 keV and 4 × 10⁷ γγ coincidence events have been recorded. The angular distributions of the more intense γ-rays have been determined. The level scheme of ¹⁶⁷Tm has been extended in several respects: The four previously known rotational bands based on the Nilsson orbitais $12^{+} [411]$ , $72^{+} [404]$ , $72^{−} [523]$ an $12^{−} [541]$ have been extended up to spin values $312$ , $312$ , $312$ , $332$ respective based on the $32^{+} [411]$ and $52^{+} [402]$ orbitals have been established for which only few levels were known previously. Finally two hitherto unknown rotational bands have been found for which we propose the assignments ${72^{+} [404]; K + 2}$ and $32^{−} [532] + {12^{−} [541]; K−2}$ . Coriolis coup calculations are presented. The value of $(1−δ_{K,12} b_{0}) (g_{K} −g_{R})/Q_{0}$ was determined for three bands from branching ratios and from angular distributions.

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Nuclear Physics A

Abstract

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Cited by (28)

Compact automated apparatus for rapid astatine recovery from nitric acid media: Design, application, and impurity characterization

Production cross sections of thulium radioisotopes for alpha-particle induced reactions on holmium

Activation cross-sections of proton induced reactions on <sup>nat</sup>Hf in the 38–65 MeV energy range: Production of <sup>172</sup>Lu and of <sup>169</sup>Yb

Study of excitation functions of alpha-particle induced nuclear reactions on holmium for <sup>167</sup>Tm production

Nuclear structure of <sup>166</sup>Tm from (α,3n) γ-ray and conversion electron measurements

Study of the levels in <sup>167</sup>Tm by the <sup>165</sup>Ho(α, 2nγ)<sup>167</sup>Tm reaction