Cytokines transduce their signals through specific receptors. Receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, and IL-5 share the common signal transducing subunit (βc), whereas the α subunits function as specific ligand binding components. In this study we prepared specific mouse monoclonal antibodies against human GM-CSF receptor-α subunit (hGMRα) by immunizing mice with Ba/F3 cells transfected with hGMRα complementary DNA. Using these anti-hGMRα antibodies in combination with antibodies against IL-3 receptor-α (IL-3Rα), βc subunits, and c-kit, we examined expression patterns and modulation of these receptor subunits on several human hematopoietic cells, including CD34+ cells and leukemic cell lines. GMRα and IL-3Rα were expressed on GM-CSF- and IL-3-responsive cell lines, such as TF-1 and UT-7, whereas the expression levels were much lower on UT-7E, a GM-CSF- and IL-3-unresponsive subline of UT-7. The GMRα subunit was expressed only on mature granulocytes and monocytes, and IL-3Rα was expressed on monocytes but not on mature granulocytes, and none of these subunits were expressed on lymphocytes. For CD34+ cells, GMRα was expressed more abundantly on CD34+CD33high cells than on CD34+CD33low cells, whereas IL-3Rα was expressed more abundantly on CD34+CD33low cells than on CD34+CD33high and CD34+CD33neg cells. Slight but significant expression of the βc subunit was detected on CD34+ cells. Expression of not only GMRα and IL-3Rα subunits but also c-kit was specifically downregulated by 48-hour incubation with their respective ligands. Receptor transmodulation between GM-CSF, IL-3, and stem cell factor (or kit ligand) was not detected on CD34+ cells in 48-hour cultures. We also detected upregulation of these α subunits by IL-1α and interferon-γ on leukemic cell lines. Our study showed expression levels for each receptor subunit—including GMR, IL-3R, and c-kit on human bone marrow and peripheral blood cells and leukemic cell lines—and revealed differential regulation of the expression of the receptor subunits. (J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1995;96:1083-99.)