Characterization of the gene encoding the salivary Gln/Glu-rich C-terminal variant A protein

doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90208-S

Gene

Volume 106, Issue 2, 15 October 1991, Pages 261-266

https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(91)90208-S Get rights and content

Abstract

The rat submandibular gland-specific GRP-Ca gene (encoding C-terminal variant A of the glutamine/glutamic acid-rich protein) has been cloned from a male Wistar/Furth genomic library. The complete sequence, including 2.0 kb of 5′ flanking and 0.5 kb of 3′ flanking DNA has been determined. Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis and sequence analysis established that transcripts coding for GRP-Ca and GRP-Cb are encoded by separate genes. The GRP-Ca gene is approx. 4.5 kb in size and is comprised of four exons and three introns. Comparison of this gene with several rodent and human salivary proline-rich protein-encoding genes (PRP) indicates that GRP-Ca shares this exon-intron structure with the rat SMR-2 gene, the hamster H29 gene, and the human PRP genes. In addition, a 28-bp element found in the proximal promoter region of GRP-Ca was found to be highly conserved among the superfamily of PRP genes.

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Cited by (7)

A novel mouse protein differentially regulated by androgens in the submandibular and lacrimal glands
2007, Archives of Oral Biology
Citation Excerpt :
Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of SMARP has demonstrated homology in the N-terminal region with members of the rat GRP family, namely, GRP-Ca, -Cb, and SMR2. Rat GRPs, characterized by the presence of tandem repeats of a peptide segment rich in glutamine and glutamic acid residues, are the products of a mutigene family which encodes GRP and PRP family proteins.16,22 However, SMARP, as well as rat SMR2,12 lacks the internal repeats.
We characterized a cDNA clone derived from the female mouse submandibular gland (SMG). The transcript of this cDNA was approximately 1.2 kb in size and predicted to code a 165-amino acid protein with a putative signal peptide for a secretory pathway. This protein, named submandibular androgen-repressed protein (SMARP), had homology in the N-terminal region with members of the glutamine/glutamic acid-rich protein (GRP) family from rats. Northern blot analysis revealed that SMARP mRNA is expressed, out of the major mouse organs, only in the SMG and exorbital lacrimal gland (LG), with much more abundance in the former. For the SMG, the level of SMARP mRNA was 36 times higher in females than males, whereas for the LG it was 28 times higher in males than females. Furthermore, the level of SMARP mRNA was increased in the SMG but reduced in the LG with castration in males, whereas it was reduced in SMG but increased in LG after administration of testosterone in females or castrated males. In situ hybridization detected the signal for SMARP mRNA in the female SMG, and immunohistochemistry detected the signal for SMARP protein in the female SMG and male LG. In the female SMG, SMARP mRNA, and protein were localized intensively in a subpopulation of acinar cells, whereas in the male LG, SMARP protein was distributed diffusely in all acinar cells. These results suggested that SMARP is a secretory protein whose expression is regulated by androgens negatively in the SMG and positively in the LG.
Structure and chromosomal localization of the rat salivary Psp and Smgb genes
2000, Gene
SMGB and PSP are among the most abundant products of the immature acinar cells in developing rat parotid and submandibular glands and are also products of the sublingual gland serous demilunes. Previous analysis of Smgb and Psp cDNA clones demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity between the signal peptide-encoding and 3′ untranslated regions of these transcripts, although the secreted proteins themselves are more divergent. The current study reports the upstream sequences, genomic organization and localization of the Psp and Smgb genes. Both structural genes contain nine exons and are present at 3q41–3q42, where they are arranged in tandem and separated by 21 kb. In addition to the previously observed sequence similarity, Psp and Smgb are highly homologous throughout exon 1 and at 365 of 600 bp immediately upstream of the transcription start site. These findings indicate that the Psp and Smgb genes arose by tandem duplication and divergence. The similar neonatal submandibular and parotid gland expression patterns observed for these genes are likely to be due to closely conserved or shared enhancer(s).
Androgen regulation of SMR2 gene expression in rat submandibular gland: Evidence for a graded but not a binary response
2003, Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
Low levels of GRP-Ca expression in transgenic mice
2000, Journal of Dental Research
Chromosomal organization and expression analysis of two distinct genes encoding glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins
1997, Biochemical Journal
Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene encoding rat submandibular gland apomucin, Mucsmg
1996, Glycoconjugate Journal

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Gene

Abstract

References (16)

The structure and organization of a proline-rich protein gene of a mouse multigene family

J. Biol. Chem.

Structure, organization and regulation of a hamster proline-rich protein gene

J. Biol. Chem.

β-Adrenergic stimulus coupled changes in rat salivary glutamine/glutamic acid-rich protein (GRP) expression

J. Biol. Chem.

Electron microscope heteroduplex methods for mapping regions of base sequence homology in nucleic acids

Methods Enzymol.

Genes encoding proteins with homologous contiguous repeat sequences are highly expressed in the serous cells of the rat submandibular gland

J. Biol. Chem.

Structures of two HaeIII-type genes in the human salivary proline-rich protein multigene family

J. Biol. Chem.

Molecular characterization of glutamine/glutamic acid-rich secretory proteins from rat submandibular glands

J. Biol. Chem.

Expression of glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins in rat submandibular gland

Arch. Oral Biol.

Cited by (7)

A novel mouse protein differentially regulated by androgens in the submandibular and lacrimal glands

Structure and chromosomal localization of the rat salivary Psp and Smgb genes

Androgen regulation of SMR2 gene expression in rat submandibular gland: Evidence for a graded but not a binary response

Low levels of GRP-Ca expression in transgenic mice

Chromosomal organization and expression analysis of two distinct genes encoding glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins

Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene encoding rat submandibular gland apomucin, Mucsmg

Short communicationCharacterization of the gene encoding the salivary Gln/Glu-rich C-terminal variant A protein

Abstract

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

Methods Enzymol.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

Arch. Oral Biol.

Short communication
Characterization of the gene encoding the salivary Gln/Glu-rich C-terminal variant A protein