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Scorpion neurotoxins as tools for studying fast sodium channels

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Abstract

Fast sodium channels of electrically excitable membranes play the major role in the transmission of nerve impulses. By using scorpion venom neurotoxins it is possible to investigate the arrangement of the regulator mechanism which controls the sodium channels.

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    Notable examples include chlorotoxin of the deathstalker scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus [78], dendrotoxin produced by mamba snakes in the Dendroaspis genus [79], and tetrodotoxin, which is found in several different types of animals but is actually produced by symbiotic bacteria [80]. The binding specificity of different ion channel blocking neurotoxins has been leveraged as a tool for studying the function of these important membrane proteins [81]. Many toxins, instead of acting directly on the surface of cells, must cross the plasma membrane barrier in order to take action.

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