Abstract
Earwigs (Forficula auricularia L.) were collected from an untreated apple orchard every 2 weeks from June to October 1979. Percentage parasitism at the times of collection was calculated from the numbers of parasitoids that emerged.
Two tachinidsRhacodineura pallipes Fallen andDigonochaeta spinipennis Meigen parasitised earwigs, starting between 21 June and 5 July and continuing through July. Parasitism byR. pallipes reached a peak of 16 % in late July; fewer earwigs were parasitised byD. spinipennis. Both tachinids had one generation per year;D. spinipennis overwintered as puparia, andR. pallipes as larvae in earwig hosts or as adults.
In the orchard, puparia of both tachinid species were hyperparasitised byDibrachys cavus (Walker) (Pteromalidae) andPhygadeuon vexator (Thunberg) (Ichneumonidae).
Résumé
Des perce-oreilles (Forficula auricularia L.) ont été ramassés toutes les 2 semaines, de juin à octobre 1979, dans un verger de pommiers non traités. Le pourcentage de parasitisme aux dates de prélèvement a été calculé à partir des nombres de parasitoides qui ont émergé. Deux tachinairesRhacodineura pallipes Fallen etDigonochaeta spinipennis Meigen, ont parasité les perce-oreilles, à partir du 21 juin – 5 juillet et pendant tout le mois de juillet. Le parasitisme parR. pallipes a atteint un maximum de 16 % à la fin de ce mois; moins de perce-oreilles ont été parasités parD. spinipennis. Les 2 tachinaires ont une génération par an;D. spinipennis hiverne sous forme de pupes etR. pallipes sous forme de larves dans leur hôte ou au stade adulte. Dans le verger, des pupes des 2 espèces de tachinaires ont été hyperparasitées parDibrachys cavus (Walker) (Pteromalidae) etPhygadeuon vexator (Thunberg) (Ichneumonidae).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altson, A.M. — 1924. Parasites bred in captivity. —Proc. Entomol. Soc., 1924, 14–16.
Anon. — 1978. Fruit grower's guide to the use of chemical sprays 1979. —M.A.F.F. Publ., Lond.
Atwell, H.C. — 1927. The European earwig (Forficula auricularia Linn.) —PitOreg. Bd. Hort. Bienn. Rep., 19, 86–103.
Burr, M. — 1939. Modern work on earwigs. —Sci. Prog., 34, 20–30.
Crumb, S.E., Eide, P.M. &Bonn, A.E. — 1941. The European earwig. —U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull., 766, 1–76.
Davies, W.M. — 1927. Methods for collecting parasites of earwigs. —Bul. Entomol. Res., 17, 347–350.
Dimick, R.E. &Mote, D.C. — 1934. The present status of the European earwig. —Mon. Bull. Calif. Dep. Agric., 23, 298–300.
Glen, D.M. — 1975. The effects of predators on the eggs of codling mothCydia pomonella, in a cider-apple orchard in South-West England. —Ann. Appl. Biol., 80, 115–135.
Lamb, R.J. — 1976. Dispersal by nesting earwigs,Forficula auricularia [Dermaptera: Forficulidae]. —Can. Entomol., 108, 213–216.
Lamb, R.J. &Wellington, W.G. — 1975. Life history and population characteristics of the European earwigForficula auricularia [Dermaptera: Forficulidae] at Vancouver, British Columbia. —Can. Entomol., 107, 819–824.
McLeod, J.H. — 1953. Statuses of some introduced parasites and their hosts in British Columbia. —Proc. Entomol. Soc. British Columbia., 50, 19–27.
McLeod, J.H. &Chant, D.A. — 1952. Notes on the parasitism and food habits of the European earwigForficula auricularia L. [Dermaptera: Forficulidae]. —Can. Entomol., 84, 343–345.
Phillips, M.L. — 1981. The ecology of the common earwigForficula auricularia in apple orchards. —PhD thesis, Univ. Bristol., 246 pp.
Thompson, W.R. — 1928. A contribution to the study of the Dipterous parasites of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.). —Parasitology, 20, 123–158.
Van Emden, F.I. — 1954. Handbooks for the identification of British insects, 10, 4(a),Diptera, Cyclorrhapha. —Entomol., Soc. London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Phillips, M.L. Parasitism of the common earwigForficula auricularia [Dermaptera: Forficulidae] by tachinid flies in an apple orchard. Entomophaga 28, 89–95 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372101
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372101