Abstract
Three molecular species of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA-containing neuronal populations (terminal nerve: salmon-GnRH; preoptic area: seabream-GnRH; midbrain: chic- ken-GnRH-II) have been localized in teleosts. While the termi- nal nerve GnRH neurons originate from the olfactory placode, a separate intracerebral source of origin for preoptic and midbrain neurons is possible. The preoptic GnRH neurons are regulated by gonadal steroids and gonadal maturation, however, the regulation and role of terminal nerve and midbrain GnRH neurons in teleosts reproduction is speculative and debatable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References cited
Amano, M., Hyodo, S., Kitamura, S., Ikuta, K., Suzuki, Y., Urano, A. and Aida, K. 1995. Salmon synthesis in the preoptic area and the ventral telencephalon is activated during gonadal maturation in female masu salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 99: 13–21.
Amano, M., Hyodo, S., Urano, A., Okumoto, N., Kitamura, S., Ikuta, K., Suzuki, Y. and Aida, K. 1994. Activation of salmon gonaodotropin-releasing hormone synthesis by 17α-methyltestosterone administration in yearling masu salmon. Oncorhynchus masou. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 95: 374–380.
Ashihara, M., Suzuki, M., Kubokawa, K., Yoshiura, Y., Kobayashi, M., Urano, A. and Aida, K. 1995. Two differing precursor genes for the salmon-type gonadotropin-releasing hormone exist in salmonids. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 15: 1–9.
Bailhache, T., Arazam, A., Klungland, H., Alestrom, P., Breton, B. and Jego, P. 1994. Localization of salmon gonadotropinreleasing hormone mRNA and peptide in the brain of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. J. Comp. Neurol. 347: 444–454.
Bogerd, J., Zandbergen, T., Andersson, E. and Goos, H. 1994. Isolation, characterization and expression of cDNAs encoding the catfish-type and chicken-II-type gonadotropin-releasinghormone precursors in the African catfish. Eur. J. Biochem. 222: 541–549.
Bond, C.T., Francis, R.C., Fernald, R.D. and Adelman, J.P. 1991. Characterization of complementary DNA encoding the precursor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its associated peptide from a teleosts fish. Mol. Endocrinol. 5: 931–937.
Davis, M.R. and Fernald, R.D. 1990. Social control of neuronal soma size. J. Neurobiol. 21: 1180–1188.
Grober, M.S., Fox, S.H., Laughlin, C. and Bass, A.H. 1994. GnRH cell size and number in a teleost fish with two male reproductive morphs: sexual maturation, final sexual status and body size allometry. Brain Behav. Evol. 43: 61–78.
Grober, M.S., Jackson, I.M.D. and Bass, A.H. 1991. Gonadal steroids affect LHRH preoptic cell number in sex/role changing fish. J. Neurobiol. 22: 734–741.
Klungland, H., Anderson, O., Kisen, G., Alestrom, P. and Tora, L. 1993. Estrogen receptor binds to the salmon GnRH gene in a region with long palindromic sequences. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 95: 147–154.
Klungland, H., Lorens, J.B., Andersen, O., Kisen, G.O. and Alestrom, P. 1992. The Atlantic salmon prepro-gonadotropin releasing hormone gene and mRNA. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 84: 167–174.
Kobayashi, M., Amano, M., Kim, M.-H., Furukawa, K., Hasegawa, Y. and Aida, K. 1994. Gonadotropin-releasing hormones of terminal nerve origin are not essential to ovarian development and ovulation in goldfish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 95: 192–200.
Montero, M., Le Belle, N., King, J.A., Millar, R.P. and Dufour, S. 1995. Differential regulation of the two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH and cGnRH-II) by sex steroids in the European female silver eel (Anguilla anguilla). Neuroendocrinology 61: 525–535.
Muske, L.E. 1993. Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems. Brain Behav. Evol. 42: 215–230.
Navas, J.M., Anglade, I., Bailhache, T., Pakdel, F., Breton, B., Jeko, P. and Kah, O. 1995. Do gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons express estrogen receptors in the rainbow trout? A double immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 363: 461–474.
Northcutt, R.G. and Muske, L.E. 1994. Multiple embryonic origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons. Dev. Brain Res. 87: 279–290.
Okuzawa, K., Amano, M., Kobayashi, M., Aida, K., Hanyu, I., Hasegawa, Y. and Miyamoto, K. 1990. Differences in salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II contents in discrete brain areas of male and female rainbow trout according to age and stage of maturity. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 80: 116–126.
Parhar, I.S. 1997. GnRH in tilapia: three genes, three origins and their roles. In GnRH Neurons: Gene to behavior. Edited by I.S. Parhar and Y. Sakuma. Brain Shuppar Publ., Tokyo (In press).
Parhar, I.S. and Iwata, M. 1996. Intracerebral expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone is delayed until smoltification in salmon. Neurosci. Res. 26: 299–308.
Parhar, I.S., Iwata, M., Pfaff, D.W. and Schwanzel-Fukuda, M. 1995. Embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the sockeye salmon. J. Comp. Neurol. 362: 256–270.
Parhar, I.S., Pfaff, D.W. and Schwanzel-Fukuda, M. 1996a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in teleosts. Mol. Brain Res. 41: 216–227.
Parhar, I.S., Koibuchi, N., Sakai, M., Iwata, M. and Yamaoka, S. 1994. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): expression during salmon migration. Neurosci. Lett.172: 15–18.
Parhar, I.S. and Sakuma, Y. 1995. GnRH expression during development. In The Hypothalamus, from Basic to Clinical Neuroscience IV. pp. 1–19. Edited by T. Itakura and T. Maeda. Brain Shuppan, Tokyo.
Parhar, I.S., Soga, T. and Sakuma, Y. 1996b. In situ hybridization for two differentially expressed GnRH genes following estrogen and triiodothyronine treatment in the brains of juvenile tilapia (cichlid). Neurosci. Lett. 218: 135–138.
Pfaff, D.W., Schwanzel-Fukuda, M., Parhar, I.S., Lauber, A.H., McCarthy, M.M. and Kow, L.-M. 1994. GnRH neurons and other cellular and molecular mechanisms for simple mammalian reproductive beheviors. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 49: 1–25.
Rastogi, R.K. and Iela, L. 1994. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: present concepts, future directions. Zool. Sci. 11: 363–373.
Sakuma, Y. and Pfaff, D.W. 1980. LH-RH in the mesencephalic central grey can potentiate lordosis reflex of female rats. Nature, Lond. 283: 566–567.
Schreibman, M.P. and Margolis-Nunno, H. 1987. Reproductive biology of the terminal nerve (nucleus olfactoretinalis) and other LHRH pathways in teleost fishes. In The Terminal Nerve (Nervus Terminalis): Structure, Function and Evolution. pp. 60–68. Edited by L.S. Demski and M. Schwanzel-Fukuda. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., New York.
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M., Abraham, S., Reinhard, G.R., Crossin, K.L., Edelman, G.M. and Pfaff, D.W. 1994. Antibody to neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) can disrupt the migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons into mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 342: 174–185.
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M. and Pfaff, D.W. 1989. Origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Nature, Lond. 338: 161–164.
Sherwood, N.M., Lovejoy, D.A. and Coe, I.R. 1993. Origin of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormones. Endocr. Rev. 14: 241–254.
Suzuki, M., Hyodo, S., Kobayashi, M., Aida, K. and Urano, A. 1992. Characterization and localization of mRNA encoding the salmon-type gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor of the masu salmon. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 73–82.
White, S.A., Bond, C.T., Francis, R.C., Kasten, T.L., Fernald, R.D. and Adelman, J.P. 1994. A second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone: cDNA and expression pattern in the brain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1423–1427.
White, S.A., Kasten, T.L., Bond, C.T., Adelman, J.P. and Fernald, R.D. 1995. Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8363–8367.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parhar, I., Sakuma, Y. Regulation of forebrain and midbrain GnRH neurons in juvenile teleosts. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 17, 81–84 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007770020983
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007770020983