Abstract
Zenith sky observations of O3, NO2, OClO and BrO are reported, which were performed at Kiruna (67.9°N, 21.1°E) within the SESAME winters 1993/1994 and 1994/95. For both winters large total amounts of OClO were observed inside the polar vortex at twilight, indicating the degree and the temporal variation of the halogen activation of the polar stratosphere. Occasionally OClO could also be observed outside the polar vortex, most likely due to export of halogen activated vortex air masses into the ambient stratosphere. BrO could also be detected in winter 1994/95, with the largest slant column amounts (5·1014/cm2) occuring in the polar vortex in mid-winter. Similar abundances of stratospheric BrO were observed at dusk and dawn, for both, air masses inside and outside the vortex. This observation is in reasonable agreement with previous studies on stratospheric BrO (observations and models) of Wahner et al. (1992), Arpag et al. (1994), Krug et al. (1996), and Lary et al. (1996a,b), but partly in disagreement with those of Solomon et al. (1989), Fish et al. (1995), and Sessler et al. (1996).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AASE I, 1990: Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition I, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17
AASE II, 1993: Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II, Science 261, 1128–1158.
Anderson, S., and K. Mauersberger, 1992: Laser measurements of ozone absorption cross section in the Chappuis band, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 933–936.
Arnold, F., H. Schlager, J. Hoffmann, P. Metzinger, and S. Spreng, 1989: Evidence for stratospheric nitric acid condensation from balloon and rocket measurements in the Arctic, Nature 342, 493.
Arpag, K. H., P. V. Johnston, H. L. Miller, R. W. Sanders, and S. Solomon, 1994: Observations of stratospheric BrO column over Colorado, 40° N, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8175–8181.
Blumenstock, T., H. Fischer, A. Friedle, F. Hase, and P. Thomas: Column amounts of ClONO2, HCl, HNO3, and HF from ground-based FTIR measurements made near Kiruna, Sweden, in late winter 1994, this issue.
Bojkov, R. D., and V. E. Fioletov, 1995: Estimating the global ozone characteristics during the last 30 years, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16537–16551.
Brandtjen, R., Th. Klüpfel and D. Perner, 1994: Airborne Measurements during the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment: Observation of OClO, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21,13, 1363
Brasseur, G, and S. Solmon, 1984: Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Bussemer, M., 1993: Der Ring-Effekt: Ursachen und Einfluß auf die Messungen stratosphärischer Spurenstoffe, Diploma thesis, University of Heidelberg.
Carroll, M. A., R. W. Sanders, S. Solomon, and A. L. Schmeltekopf, 1989: Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo station, Antarctica: 6. Observation of BrO, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 16633–16638.
CHEOPS III, 1990: An ozone research campaign in the Arctic winter stratosphere 1989/90 Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 759–796 (special section).
Dahlberg, S. P. and K. P. Bowman, 1994: Climatology of large-scale isentropic mixing in the Arctic winter stratosphere from analyzed winds, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 20585–20599.
EASOE, 1994: special issue, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1189–1490.
ECMWF, 1994 and 1995: Temperature and potential vorticity analyses, Danish Meteorological Institute.
Fabian, F., R. Borchers, and K. Kourtidis, 1994: Bromine containing source gases during EASOE, Geophys Res. Lett. 21, 1219–1222.
Fahey, D. W., K. H. Kelly, S. R. Kawa, A. F. Tuck, M. Loewenstein, K. R. Chan, and L. E. Heidt, 1990: Observation of denitrification and dehydration in the winter polar stratospheres, Nature 344, 321–324.
Farman, J. C., B. C. Gardiner, and J. D. Shanklin, 1985: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction, Nature 315, 207.
Fiedler, M., H. Frank, T. Gomer, M. Hausmann, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt, 1993: The’ Minihole’ event on Feb. 9. 1990: Influence of Mic-scattering on the evaluation of spectroscopic measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 959–962.
Fish, D. J., R. L. Jones, and E. K. Strong, 1995: Mid-latitude observations of diurnal variation of stratospheric BrO, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8863–18871.
Frank, H., 1991: Ein Strablungstransportmodell zur Interpretation von spektroskopischen Spurenstoffmessungen in der Erdatmosphäre, Diploma thesis, University of Heidelberg.
Greenblatt, G. D., J. J. Orlando, J. B. Burkholder, and A. R. Ravishankara, 1990: Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330 and 1140 nm, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18577–18582.
Grendel, A., A. Grund, and D. Perner, 1996: Transall DOAS-measurements of stratospheric OCIO, BrO, NO2 and O3 in winter 1994/1995, Proc. of the Third European Symposium on Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Air Pollution Research Report 56, 319–322.
Harder, J., J. W. Brault, P. V. Johnston, and G. Mount, 1996: Temperature Dependent NO2 Cross Sections at High Spectral Resolution, (paper in prep.).
Haug, H., L. Marquard, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt: On the importance of Raman scattering for the atmospheric radiative transfer, (paper in prep.)
Hofmann, D.J. and T. Deshler, 1991: Evidence from balloon measurements for chemical depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter of 1989/90, Nature 349, 300–305.
Krug, B., T. Klüpfel, and D. Perner, 1996: Groundbased Measurements of statospheric OClO and BrO over Søndre Strømfjord in winter 1993/94, (submitted to GRL)
Lary, D. J., M. P. Chipperfield, R. Toumi, and T. Lenton, 1996a: Heterogeneous atmospheric bromine chemistry, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1489–1504.
Lary, D. J., 1996b: Gas phase atmospheric bromine photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1505–1516.
Manney, G. L., R. W. Zurek, L. Froidevaux, and J. W. Waters, 1995: Evidence for Arctic ozone depletion in late February and early March 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2941–2944.
Manney, G. L., L. Froidevaux, J. W. Waters, M. L. Santee, W. G. Read, D. A. Flowers, R. F. Jarnot, and R. W. Zurek, 1996: Arctic ozone depletion observed by UARS MLS during the 1994–1995 winter, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 85–87.
Müller, R., P. J. Crutzen, J. U. Groos, C. Brühl, J. M. Russell, III, and A. F. Tuck, 1996: Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res. 101 12531–12554.
Naujokat, B., K. Labitzke, R. Lenschow, B. Rajewski, M. Wiesner, and R. C. Wohlfahrt, 1995: The stratospheric winter 1994/95, A cold winter with a strong minor warming, Beilage zur Berliner Watterkarte, SO 24/95.
Pawson, S., B. Naujokat, and K. Labitzke, 1995: On the polar stratospheric cloud formation potential of the northern hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 100, 23215–23225.
Petzoldt, K., B. Naujokat, and K. Neugebohren, 1994: Correlation between stratospheric temperature, total ozone, and tropospheric weather systems, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1203–1206.
Pierce, R. B., and T. D. A. Fairlie, 1993: Chaotic advection in the stratosphere vortex, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18589–18585.
Perner, D., T. Klüpfel, U. Parchatka, A. Roth, and T. Jørgensen, 1990: Stratospheric O 3, NO 2, OClO and BrO measured by ground-based uv-vis spectroscopy at Søndre Strømfjord Greenland during winter 1989/90. Proc. of the First European Workshop on Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Air Pollution Research Report 34, 45–48.
Pfeilsticker K., and U. Platt, 1994: Airborne Measurements during the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment: Observation of O 3 and NO 2, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1375.
Pfeilsticker, K., F. Erle and U. Platt, 1996: Observation of the stratospheric NO2 latitudinal distribution in the northern winter hemisphere, this issue.
Pommereau, J. P., and F. Goutail, 1988: O3 and NO2 Ground-based measurements by visible spectrometry during Arctic winter and spring 1988, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 891–894.
Pommereau, J. P., and J. Piquard, 1994: Ozone and nitrogen dioxide vertical distributions by uv-visible solar occulation from balloons, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1227–1230.
Proffit, M. H., J. J. Margitan, K. H. Kelly, M. Leowenstein, and J. R. Poldolske, 1990: Ozone loss in the Arctic polar vortex inferred from high altitude aircraft measurements, Nature 347, 31–36.
Rex, M. et al., 1995: paper presented at the international conference on ozone in the lower stratophere, Chalkidiki, May 15–20.
Rothman, L. S., 1992: The HITRAN data-base, J. Quant, Spectro. Rad. Transfer 48.
Salawitch, R. J., S. C. Wofsy, E. W. Gottlieb, L. R. Lait, R. A. Newman, M. R. Schoeberl, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, S. E. Strahan, M. H. Proffit, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, D. W. Fahey, D. Baumgartner, J. E. Dye, J. C. Wilson, K. K. Kelly, J. W. Elkins, K. R. Chan, and J. G. Anderson, 1993: Chemical loss of ozone in the Arctic polar vortex in Winter 1991–1992, Science 261, 1146–1149.
Sessler, J, M. P. Chipperfield, J. A. Pyle, and R. Toumi, 1995: Stratospheric OClO as a poor quantitative indicator of chlorine activation, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 687–690.
Sessler, J., 1996: The arctic winter stratosphere: A modeling and data study, PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
Sessler, J., M. P. Chipperfield, and J. A. Pyle, 1996: Interpretation of arctic stratospheric BrO and OClO observations, (submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.).
Solomon, S., 1988: The mystery of the ozone’ hole’, Reviews of Geophysics 26, 131–148.
Solomon, S., A.L. Schmeltkopf, and R.W. Sanders, 1987: On the interpretation of zenith sky absorption measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8311–8319.
Solomon, S., R. W. Sanders, M. A. Carroll, and A. L. Schmeltekopf, 1989: Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at Mc Murdo Station, Antarctica: 5. Observations of the diurnal variations of BrO and OClO, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11393–11403.
Solomon, S., 1990: Progress towards a quantitative understanding of the Antarctic ozone depletion, Nature 347, 347–353.
Stolarski, R., R. Bojkov, L. Bishop, C. Zerefos, J. Staehelin, and J. Zawodny, 1992: Measured trends in stratospheric ozone, Science 256, 343–349.
Stutz, J., 1991: Charakterisierung von Photodiodenzeilen zur Messung stratosphärischer Spurenstoffe, Diploma thesis, University of Heidelberg.
Stutz, J., and U. Platt, 1990: Numerical analysis and estimation of the statistical error of differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements with least-squares methods, Applied Optics 35, 6041–6053.
Tuck, A. F., T. Davies, S. J. Hovde, M. Noguer-Albe, D. W. Fahey, S. R. Kawa, K. Kelly, M. H. Proffit, J. J. Margitan, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Poldolske, S. E. Strahan, and K. R. Chan, 1992: Polar stratospheric cloud processed air and potential vorticity in the northern hemisphere lower stratosphere at mid-latitudes during winter, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7883–7904.
von der Gathen, P., M. Rex, N. R. P. Harris, D. Lucic, B. M. Knudsen, G. O. Gathen, H. de Backer, R. Fabian, H. Fast, M. Gil, S. MIkkelson, M. Rummikainen, J. Stachlin, and C. Varotsos, 1995: Observational evidence for Arctic ozone depletion in the 1991–1992 winter, Nature 375, 131–134.
von der Gathen, P., H. Gernandt, R. Neuber, M. Rex, 1996: Ozone deficits in the lower and middle stratosphere of the Arctic polar vortex, Proc. of the Third European Symposium on Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Air Pollution Research Report 56, 569–573.
Wahner, A., G. Tyndall, and A. Ravishankara, 1987: Absorption cross-sections for OCIO as a function of temperature in the wavelength range from 240–490 nm, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 2734.
Wahner, A., A. R. Ravishankara, S. P. Sander, and R. R. Friedl, 1988: Absorption cross section of BrO between 312 and 385 nm at 298 and 223 K, Chem. Phys. Lett. 152, 507–512.
Wahner, A., R. O. Jakoubek, G. H. Mount, A. R. Ravishankara, and A. L. Schmeltekopf, 1989: Remote sensing observations of daytime column NO2 during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 22 to October 2, 1987, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 16619–16632.
Wahner, A., J. Callies, H. P. Dorn, U. Platt, and C. Schiller, 1990: Near UV atmospheric absorption measurements of column abundances during Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, Jan.–Feb. 1989: 3. BrO observations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 517–520.
Wahner, A., and C. Schiller, 1992: Twilight variation of vertical column abundances of OClO and BrO in the north polar region, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 8047–8055.
Waugh, D. W., R. A. Plumb, R. J. Atkinson, M. R. Schoeberl, L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, M. Loewenstein, D. W. Toohey, M. L. Avallone, C. R. Webster, and R. D. May, 1994: Transport of material out of the stratospheric Arctic vortex by Rossby Wave breaking, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 1071–1088.
Wirth, M. and W. Renger, 1996: Evidence of large scale ozone depletion within the arctic polar vortex 94/95 based on airborne LIDAR measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 813–816.
WMO-Report, 1991: Scientific Assessment of Ozone depletion 25, Genf: World Meteorological Organization.
WMO-Report, 1994: Scientific Assessment of Ozone depletion, 37, Genf: World Meteorological Organization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Otten, C., Ferlemann, F., Platt, U. et al. Groundbased Doas UV/visible measurements at Kiruna (Sweden) during the sesame winters 1993/94 and 1994/95.. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 30, 141–162 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005810732347
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005810732347